Return To Babylon - Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Return To Babylon - AnalysisHe would come back some day they couldnt make him pay forever. tho he wanted his child, and nothing was such(prenominal) good now, beside that fact. He wasnt young any more, with a lot of thin thoughts and dreams to have by himself. He was absolutely sure Helen wouldnt have wanted him to be so al unrivaled.The final paragraph in the apologue shows how much Charlie loved his daughter, and how much he needs her to complete his life. In Babylon Revisited Charlie was treated unfairly and should have won the custody of Honoria. Charlies regret of how he lived in the past is proved repeatedly throughout the story and even with the hardship of losing his wife and daughter, Charlie was still able to put his life back together. The mistakes he make in the past were not all his fault there was a problem in the stock market that put a heavy rouse on his shoulders. He has done more than enough to show Marion that he has changed and is capable of taking care of Ho noria. However, the story may also be a bit biased considering that the narrator may not be a reliable person. There are also reliable situations in the story, which questions Charlies seriousness about how much he has changed. Charlies love for Honoria is the biggest reason for him to regain her custody. Throughout the story, Charlie has expressed how much he loves Honoria and how much he needs her in his life. Honoria also expresses how much she loves her father and how much she misses him. She tells her father more than once that she would rather live with him than with her Aunt Marion. To separate a father and daughter from for each one other is both devastating and cruel. It is hard to understand why Marion would not let Charlie have Honoria, when Honoria expresses so much love for her father. From behind the maid who undefended the door darted a lovely little girl of nine who shrieked Daddy and flew up, struggling like a fish, into his arms. She pulled his head around by o ne ear and set her cheek against his. My old pie, he said Oh, daddy, daddy, daddy, dads, dads, dadsThe narrator does not hesitate to show how much Honoria and Charlie care for each other. Though Honoria was sightly a little girl, growing up without a father is still harsh. Still her love for Charlie is unconditional, and questions about the past are not brought up. Their strong kinship is alm... ...reliable is not a good enough reason for me to believe that Charlie is not responsible enough. I think that we have to give the narrator a certain amount of trust because he is the one telling the story and we have no other sources to compare with. If the narrator cannot be considered reliable then the story itself should not be trustworthy enough to read. So we must deal with the facts that are given to us and base most of the decisions on them. With this in consciousness I look at the situation evenly and try not to fully believe the narrator but still consider what he is saying. I understand that Charlie made a big mistake and hurt not only himself, but those that loved him. There is no excuse for what he did. However, I still believe that the strong bond that is between Honoria and Charlie is unbreakable. Being raised in a family where the strength of love has endured all types of hardships, I have experienced that nothing could ever sever those connections. Loving someone does not mean that Honoria or Marion should try to forget the mistakes Charlie had made or the heartaches he has given them. But instead, to love someone is to learn how to understand and most importantly to forgive.

Analysis of The Abstract Wild by Jack Turner :: The Abstract Wild Jack Turner Essays

Analysis of The Abstract Wild by jack turnerJack Turners The Abstract Wild is a complex argument that discusses many issues andultimately defends the senseless in all of its forms. He opens the novel with a narrative study about atime when he explored the Maze in Utah and stumbled across old-fashioned pictographs. Turner tellsthis story to describe what a truly wild and unmediated experience is. The ideas of the aura,magic, and wildness that places contain is introduced in this story. Turner had a spiritualconnection with the pictographs because of the power, beauty, and awe that they created withinhim upon their eldest mysterious contact. Turner ruin this unmediated experience by taking scuds of the pictographs and talking about them to several people. His second visit to thepictographs was extremely different- he had removed the wild connection with the ancient muraland himself by publicizing and talking about them. This is Turners main point within the firstchapter. He beli eves that when we take a wild place and photograph it, talk about it, advertise it,make maps of it, and place it in a national park that we ruin the magic, the aura, and the wildnessof that place. Nature magazines, photographs, and films all contribute to the removal of our wildexperience with nature. It is the difference between visiting the Grand Canyon after you haveseen it on TV and read about it in magazines, or never having heard of the place and stumblingacross it on your own during a hike. Unfortunately, almost every wild experience betweennature and the public has been finished by the media. Through Turners story he begins to explainthe idea of the wild and its importance and necessity of human interaction with the wild.The second chapter contains two major ideas. The first is Turners defense andexplanation of the appropriateness of anger. Turner thinks that society wrongly taught thepeople to repress and fear their emotions. Turner finds primal emotions to be necessary t o oursurvival, as salutary as the survival of the wild. He explains that anger occurs when we defendsomething we love or something we feel is sacred. He reminds us to cherish our anger and use itto fuel rebellion. Turner criticizes the cowardice of modern environmentalists in the followingpassage The courage and resistance shown by the Navajos at Big Mountain, by Polish workers,by blacks in reciprocal ohm Africa, and, most extraordinarily, by Chinese students in Tiananmen Squaremakes much of the environmental protest in America seem shallow and ineffective in

The Doctrine of the Indefinite Terms in the Ancient Commentators of Aristotle :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

The Doctrine of the Indefinite Terms in the Ancient Commentators of AristotleABSTRACT The quaint remarkaries on Aristotles Peri Hermeneias (De Interpretatione) give us of the essence(p) elements to reckon more(prenominal) clearly some difficult passages of this treatise. In the case of the indefinite names and verbs (i.e. not-man, and does not recover, respectively), these commentaries reveal a doctrine which explains not only the genius of the indefinites, but also why Aristotle let outs these kinds of term in Peri Hermeneias. The coherence and explanatory capacity of this doctrine is entirely absent in modern exegesis of Peri Hermeneias. This fact has important implications it posterior make us to think whether there will be another topics in which the ancient commentators are still indispensable to understand Aristotle. It can also make us to think to what extent a profounder reflection of the ancient commentators can modify our idea of Aristotle and the ancient world.I.T he labour of translation of and comment on the ancient interpreters of Aristotle, which in our days have been edited by Professor R. Sorabji,(1) has put modern readers in contact with new dimensions of Aristotles thought. In these ancient commentaries, many of the traditional and well-known doctrines of Aristotle find not only theoretical basis, but also a number of obscure and condensed texts reach an important and semiprecious elucidation and explanation.The subject-matter that I would like to discuss today is a sample of how these commentators can still contribute to understand Aristotle. I would like to warn, however, that the theme of the indefinite terms is especially illustrative of what I indicate, for the modern comments on this topic have been made without a profounder consideration of the ancient teaching. In my opinion, however, a more reliable and complete explanation about this difficult subject is to be found in the analysis of the ancient view.II.The commentaries of Boethius(2) and Ammonius son of Hermeias(3) contain in a slightly different manner the ancient doctrine of indefinite names and verbs. They explain some questions whose answers are not evident in Aristotles Peri Hermeneias (= PeriH.)(4) namely, (i) why does Aristotle introduce indefinite names and verbs after defining name and verb? I.e. Why does Aristotle consider adequate to define expressions like not-man, does not recover, etc., once he has defined man and recovers as name and verb respectively? Even more, (ii) why does Aristotle in Chapter 10 of PeriH. leave indefinite verbs aside and introduces only indefinite names in simple (= categorical) propositions?

Essay --

Resource Description fashion model (RDF)RDF stands for Resource description framework. We can define RDF as RDF is a sit/standard with the help of which we can define resources on the web. The common people dont sympathize RDF. It is developed to understand and read by computing machine.RDF is a base for managing metadata. With the help of RDF, we can exchange training between applications, operating systems, and computers on the internet. We can define any information of different web pages with the help of RDF.History of RDFThere are different forefathers of RDF. The first who defined RDF was MCF a project started by Ramanthan V.Guha at apple computer between 1995 and 1997.he left the apple computer and joins Netscape and start working with Tim Brey on MCF to employ XML to produce first version of RDF. In 1999, RDF was defined by W3C to occasion RDF Data model by using XML.In2004, work on RDF is continued and produces a group of related specification. The W3C continued to wor k on RDF data model defined in 1999 and continue to develop new and improved specifications.W3C arrange a workshop in 2010 to discuss with their members the changes and improvements in RDF. RDF DefinitionsMicrosoft The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a language that is used to represent information about electronic network resources. RDF is intended for situations in which this information is processed by applications, rather than being displayed to users. RDF provides a common framework for expressing this information so that it can be exchanged between applications without loss of meaning. Since it is a common framework, application designers can take reinforcement of the availability of common RDF parsers and processing tools. The ability to exchange information betw... ...eloped under the auspices of the World Wide Consortium (W3C).A certain amount of metadata is already provided for Web site resources using the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). RDF Data ModelWe can r epresent RDF data model with the help of 3 types of objectResourceProperty contestationResourcesA resource can be anything or object that can be represented by uniform resource identifier. Resources contain properties like attributes or book of factsistics. Resource may be a picture, document, or paragraph on the internet. PropertyProperty is used to describe resources that contain a name, relation, attribute and character of any object.Property Value Is the value of a property. A property value can be a resource.StatementA statement is a collaboration of a resource, property and property value. Properties of different resources can be explained by statements.

perfectly Imperfect: The Shakespeare Story :: essays research papers fc

"Perfectly Imperfect The Shakespeare Story"     Few authors today write with such universal understanding that theirworks will be popular with all types of people, and so successfully that theirwork survives centuries. These authors posses qualities we can seldom identifyin their lifetimes. Yet we do know this -- William Shakespeare was one of them.     William Shakespeares parents were John Shakespeare and bloody shame Arden.John Shakespeare was born in 1529. His father was a small tenant farmer inSnitterfield, near Stratford-upon-Avon. He became a successful glover andtrader, and owned civil office in Stratford. He was not born to the nobility,but he did brace some authority in the town. In 1596 he was given by the Collegeof Arms the right to a coat of arms and a crest. Doing that advanced his statusto that of a country gentleman. He would belong to the upper class of bucolicsociety. That was the class skillful under the knights a nd the nobility to which thecountry gentleman could be promoted if he made money in trade or the law and had square off at court. His rise in authority began the year after he was married.He became constable of Stratford, in charge of keeping the town safe. From 1561to 1565, he was Chamberlain, liable for the oversight and maintenance ofCorporation of Stratford property. In 1564, his name appeared on the list ofCapital Burgesses. He was likely a member for a number of years, just withouthis name on the list. Capital Burgesses were the main English parliamentrepresentatives for towns or boroughs. Later on, he was bailiff of the town,and held many important positions throughout his life. William Shakespearesmother, Mary Arden, was born to nobility, a wealthy family. She was theyoungest daughter of Robert Arden, also a country gentleman, of Wilmcote. Heleft in his will to Mary the estate of Asbies in Wilmcote and six pounds,thirteen shillings, and sixpence. in spite of appearance a y ear of her fathers death, in 1557,Mary married John Shakespeare.     William Shakespeare was the third child, born after Joan and MargaretShakespeare. Margaret died before William was born, and Joan died sometimebefore 1569. William was born in 1564. His particular birth date is not known,though it is known that he was baptized on April 26 in the Holy Trinity Churchof Stratford. His birthday could have been any of the four or five days beforethat day. Traditionally, it has been said that he was born on the 23 of April,the same day of his death and St.

perfectly Imperfect: The Shakespeare Story :: essays research papers fc

"Perfectly Imperfect The Shakespeare Story"     Few authors today write with such universal understanding that theirworks will be popular with all types of people, and so successfully that theirwork survives centuries. These authors posses qualities we can seldom identifyin their lifetimes. Yet we do know this -- William Shakespeare was one of them.     William Shakespeares parents were John Shakespeare and bloody shame Arden.John Shakespeare was born in 1529. His father was a small tenant farmer inSnitterfield, near Stratford-upon-Avon. He became a successful glover andtrader, and owned polite office in Stratford. He was not born to the nobility,but he did lay down some authority in the town. In 1596 he was given by the Collegeof Arms the right to a coat of arms and a crest. Doing that advanced his statusto that of a country gentleman. He would belong to the upper class of folksysociety. That was the class solely under the knights and the nobility to which thecountry gentleman could be promoted if he made money in trade or the law and had figure out at court. His rise in authority began the year after he was married.He became constable of Stratford, in charge of keeping the town safe. From 1561to 1565, he was Chamberlain, trustworthy for the oversight and maintenance ofCorporation of Stratford property. In 1564, his name appeared on the list ofCapital Burgesses. He was likely a member for a number of years, just withouthis name on the list. Capital Burgesses were the main English parliamentrepresentatives for towns or boroughs. Later on, he was bailiff of the town,and held many important positions throughout his life. William Shakespearesmother, Mary Arden, was born to nobility, a wealthy family. She was theyoungest daughter of Robert Arden, also a country gentleman, of Wilmcote. Heleft in his will to Mary the estate of Asbies in Wilmcote and six pounds,thirteen shillings, and sixpence. in spite of appeara nce a year of her fathers death, in 1557,Mary married John Shakespeare.     William Shakespeare was the third child, born after Joan and MargaretShakespeare. Margaret died before William was born, and Joan died sometimebefore 1569. William was born in 1564. His aim birth date is not known,though it is known that he was baptized on April 26 in the Holy Trinity Churchof Stratford. His birthday could have been any of the four or five days beforethat day. Traditionally, it has been said that he was born on the 23 of April,the same day of his death and St.

Kant’s Philosophy Essay

Introduction Kants chaste philosophy is also known as Kantian ethics. It is a type of a deontological theory, which is based on ethics. Immanuel Kant founded this deontological theory. Kants theory developed as a culmination to the enlightenment rationalism. The basic central idea of this theory is that the good go away is the intrinsic quality of nature. Hence, if the action is morally good, maxim, it acts as the theory behind the duty to the moral law.Kants moral law gave birth to the idea of flat imperative. According to the theory of Kant, it is an idea, which acts as amoral law applicable to all mountain, irrespective of what their wishes, and interests are. Act only to that maxim whereby you can at the identical time will that it should become a universal law. (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2008).Kants theory has the unique quality of Kants formulation of moral law in the categorical imperative. The basic universal idea of Kants ethics reveal that in order to have permission to any action, the action needs to be applicable to all mankind without any disagreement. Moreover, this ethical theory states that human beings are not defined as beings who talks of an end butsooner are an autonomous end in themselves.The theory formulation also deals with the autonomy which results in grammatical construction that rational agents are willfully restricted to the moral law. Kant says that the idea of the Kingdom of Ends is about the establishment of the idea based on hypothetical kingdom, which is assumed by the people to be created by their actions (Pomerleau, 2013). In addition, Kants theory also portrays the idea of imperfect and perfect duties. In light of this view, the idea that human beings should not lie, is the perfect duty and it hold the truth in its centre.While charity, is an imperfect duty, which is applicable in specific moments and times. PHILOSOPHY 3 Many philosophers, such as Louis Pojman and Jean-Jacques Rousseau cited the Kants ethic al theory for their debate for rationalism and empiricism. These debates state about Kants ethical theoretical development lead to the development of the natural law. Philosopher also believes that Kants teacher Martin Knutzen gave him the inspiration for his ethical theory. some other philosophers like Jacques Lacan, John Rawls and Jurgen Schopenhauer were also influenced by the ethical theory of Kant.However, philosophers like G. W. F Hegel criticizedKants ethical theory as being short of providing passable prove for the decision making and the denial of human nature. Another philosopher, Arthur Schopenhauer also criticized Kants ethical theory as being perspective by saying that it does not only define the human behavior and characteristic but define a specific perspective.In addition, Michael Stocker argued that Kants moral theory says people committing the perfect and imperfect duties will eventually end up neglecting the other ethical motivations such as love and friendship. Discussion The basic concept of Kants moral philosophy is the ground work which is based on theconcept to seek out. Kant formulated these ideas by linking the common sense concept with the general holiness ethics and duties of human beings.This Groundwork is based on the concept of seeking ou, from the basis of moral of metaphysics. His initial idea was to assign a statement to the principles of worship and judgment. These judgments would concern a normal/sane human being. The judgments should also be based on something which a human mind can possibly accept. In this sense, Kant did not give the judgment that would please the other philosophers for being directly linked with either the religion or science.

Lease Versus Purchase Essay

When operating a successful business, it is important to consider operating costs and expenses related to producing or being able to provide a certain good or service. In some cases, it is more beneficial for a business to lease equipment call for for production or manufacturing and in other instances it is financially favorable to purchase equipment. This paper volition comp are the factors involved in deciding whether to purchase or lease equipment.Types of LeasesThe term lease is essentially the same as the term rent, as both have identical meanings. in that respect are cardinal different types of leases, an operating lease and a financial lease. Both types provide the use of an asset, simply with some very different rules. An operating lease is typically used for equipment or vehicles and can be cancelled by the lessee with proper notice. The timeframe of the lease is usually less than the expected life of the item, and will sometimes embarrass a maintenance contract built in. The lessor hopes to either sell the asset or release it at the end of the initial lease. A financial lease, aka a capital lease, cannot be terminated early. financial leases also do not include maintenance contracts, and are usually set for the life expectancy of the item. The design for the lessor is to gain their initial investment plus a return on the asset, and is thus like debt financing.Lease vs. PurchaseIf a company wants to obtain the habitude of an asset such as cash, plant or equipment, without the obligation of buy the item, therefore a lease is the best option. Leases can be classified as short term or long-term debt just depending on the amount of time contracted. The key considerations acompany essential consider when trying to fixed whether to purchase or lease an asset is the net present value of purchasing versus leasing. The factors that affect the value are depreciation, taxes, length of lease payments, life mates of asset, and any residual or excuse value of the asset. Leases are accounted for on a companys balance sheet as long as one of the following occurs the lease transfers ownership at the expiration, the lessee may buy the asset below its value at the expiration, length of lease is more then 75 percent of the expected life span, or the present lease payments exceeds 90 percent of the fair market value of the property (Mayo, 2012).Financial leases though, must be capitalized where as operating leases may not have to be placed on the balance sheet, but should be noted in the footnotes. even so though financial leasing may sound similar to debt financing of an asset, keep in mind that the lessor will obtain any residual value of the asset, whereas if purchased, the salvage value would remain with the purchaser. Leasing offers higher tax deductions, but potentially understates a companies assets. Purchasing usually requires a higher initial cash outlay (Newman, 2006), but may offer higher assets and better return on investm ent in the long run. Determining which option of leasing or buying is better will ultimately depend on the time value of money (Mayo, 2012). Application of Time Value/Money Concepts in Evaluating Lease vs. Purchase Decisions When deciding on whether on whether to lease or purchase assets for your company, there are a few different factors to consider.One of those important factors is the time value of money. According to Financial Dictionary the time value of money can be defined as the idea that a dollar today is worth more than a dollar in the future, because the dollar received today can earn provoke up until the time the future dollar is received (2015). To determine which option, leasing or purchasing, would be financially beneficial for the business, the present value of each should be calculated. The present value formula will give you the cash flows associated with leasing or purchasing the asset (Mayo, 2012). To calculate the present value of a single sum of money one woul d divide the Future Value (FV) by (1 + i)n where i is the interest rate per compounding period and n are the number of compounding periods (Present Value Of A Single Sum Of Money, 2013).ConclusionThere are many factors and applications to consider when making the decision between leasing and purchasing. Factors such as the assets life expectancy, companys tax bracket, and payment schedule are just a few to be considered when determining which option is best for a company. Understanding the time value of money, is just one of the few considerations a company must review so that its financial officers can make educated business decisions.ReferencesFinancial Dictionary. (2015). Retrieved from http//financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com Mayo, H. B. (2012). Basic finance An introduction to financial institutions, investments, and caution (10th ed.). Mason, OH South-Western. Newman, P. (2006). Leasing vs Buying Which is Best for You?. Retrieved from http//www.entrepreneur.com/articl e/169332 Present Value of a Single Sum of Money. (2013). Retrieved from http//accountingexplained.com/misc/tvm/pv-single-sum

Philippine Cinema: a Review on ‘No Other Woman’

Philippine Cinema A Review on No Other Woman written by Jessica Zafra By every last(predicate) accounts the Viva-Star Cinema productionNo Other Womanis a smash hit, and in show business there is no arguing with pots of m stary. We may abide from the box-office grosses that this is the sort of movie the Filipino audience wants to see. What exactly is this movie saying? 1. Character is unnecessary all you need ar stereotypes. In the traditional defence force of marriage melodrama these are 1. 1. The Handsome Husband 1. 1. 1.The Handsome Husband is so hot that he is literally bursting out of his clothes, which are at least one size too small for him so as to emphasize his well-developed pectoral muscles. 1. 1. 2. The Handsome Husband flirts outrageously with the customers who come to his store, that thats all adept because it sells furniture. 1. 1. 3. The Handsome Husband is devoted to his wife until a scheming slut throws herself at him. He cannot be blamed for succumbing because men are men and their brains are in their pants. 1. 1. 4.The Handsome Husband is only slightly less animated than the furniture he designs and sells. 1. 2. The dishy Wife 1. 2. 1. The bonnie Wife could be the sexiest char in the archipelago, but now that shes married she must suppress her sexuality in shapeless clothes and pale make-up. 1. 2. 2. The Beautiful Wife cooks alimental meals for her husband and mortalally supervises his laundry. 1. 2. 3. The Beautiful Wife consoles her husband by having sex with him every time her peremptory father makes disparaging remarks about his professional prospects. . 2. 4. The Beautiful Wife, being inexperienced in the ways of the world, confuses seduction with arson. 1. 2. 5. The Beautiful Wife is a good girl, whence she does not wear mascara and she has long, straight black hairsbreadth that she wears in a ponytail. 1. 3. The oversexed Mistress 1. 3. 1. The Sexy Mistress has lived in New York, ergo she is liberated, which in the Phili ppines is a synonym for promiscuous. 1. 3. 2. The Sexy Mistress speaks a strange, over-enunciated English and begins each sentence with an arch laugh (Ah-ha-ha . And she smokes. 1. 3. 3. The Sexy Mistress is a bad girl, hence she wears copious amounts of mascara and has long, dramatically wavy hair. 1. 3. 4. The Sexy Mistress does not cook. 1. 3. 5. The Sexy Mistress likes to taste forbidden pleasures, so she eats seafood she is allergic to, which is just daft. 2. All fathers are mean and horrible, hence responsible for your issues. 2. 1. The Handsome Husbands father is a philanderer, embezzler and failed businessman, so The Handsome Husband will also be all of the above. 2. 2.The Beautiful Wifes father is a tacky philanderer, so The Beautiful Wife will marry same. 2. 3. The Sexy Mistresss father is domineering and arrogant, so The Sexy Mistress refuses to commit to a relationship until she meets someone who really cant commit because hes already married. 3. Women should injure th emselves for their men. 3. 1. They should engage in public bitch fights in which handbags become metaphors for the man they are fighting over. 3. 2. They should invite each other to dinner and threaten to massacre the bitch who is boinking their husband. . 3. If thinly veiled verbal aggression does not suffice, they should have a brawl in a public place. 3. 4. It does not occur to them that the person connected to the penis is also responsible for their troubles. 4. Nothing solves a domestic problem like a near-fatal accident. 4. 1. The cheating husband endures excruciating physical scud as a substitute for castration. 4. 2. The suffering wife has to forgive her husband because the thought of living without him is more than she could bear, and shes forgotten that she left him. 4. 3.The scheming lady of pleasure is jolted back to her senses. 5. The moral of the story is, Thou shalt not commit adultery. 5. 1. The cheating husband crawls back to his wife, who doesnt seem particularl y enamored of him but is compelled to defend their marriage. 5. 2. The wife always wins because there is no alternative. Its not as if she could ditch her unfaithful spousethere is no divorce in the Philippines (Well, technically). 5. 3. The mistress goes back to New York, where all the bad girls are supposed to go, which makes you wonder who won exactly

Fiction in Henry James “Paste”

Fiction in hydrogen jams bed covering Table of Contents 1. Introduction3 2. American Modernism4 3. heat content jam (1843-1916)5 4. spreading8 5. Fiction in Henry pack10 6. Paste analysis12 6. Conclusion14 7. Bibliography15 1. Introduction In my precondition paper I impart primarily discuss Henry crowd together and his short stratum Paste. Firstly, I will focus on the time he wrote the story and than I will describe his sprightliness and his three major(ip) writing phrases.Next, I will go on with giving the most important of the story touching the most important point of its sources and who influenced pack to such(prenominal) a make up. The next section in the term paper is mavin of the most important sensations because it touches e real(prenominal) the most important things connected with fiction in jams short story which will be a guide towards the analysis of Paste. In the analysis I will examine the tale proficiencys and I will connect the discourse with the sto ry. Finally, the term paper ends with an conclusion summing up all the relative points. 2.American Modernism The large cultural stray of Modernism, which gradually emerged in Europe and the United States in the early years of the 20th century, expressed a sense of modern life through artwork as a sharp break from the past, as well as from Western civilizations classical traditions. Modern life seemed radically different from traditional life more(prenominal) scientific, faster, more technological, and more mechanized. Modernism embraced these changes. Technological innovation in the valet de chambre of factories and machines inspired new attentiveness to technique in the arts.To upshot matchless example Light, particularly electrical light, fascinated modern artists and writers. Posters and advertisements of the period are full of images of floodlit skyscrapers and light rays shooting out from automobile headlights, moviehouses, and watchtowers to illumine a forbidding outer darkness suggesting ignorance and old-fashioned tradition. The way the story was told became as important as the story itself. Form and structure became more important than content. Henry James, William Faulkner, and many other American writers experimented with fictional points of view.Vision and viewpoint became an essential aspect of the modernist novel as well. No longer was it sufficient to write a straightforward third-person narrative or (worse yet) use a pointlessly intrusive narrator. The way the story was told became as important as the story itself. 3. Henry James (1843-1916) pic Life Henry James was born in New York City into a wealthy family. His father, Henry James Sr. , was one of the best-known intellectuals in mid-nineteenth-century America, whose friends included Thoreau, Emerson and Hawthorne. In his youth James traveled tooshie and forth between Europe and America.From an early age James had read the classics of English, American, French and German literature, a nd Russian classics in translation. He studied with tutors in Geneva, London, Paris, Bologna and Bonn. At the age of nineteen he briefly attended Harvard Law School, that was more interested in literature than studying law. James published his first short story, A Tragedy of Errors two years later, and then devoted himself to literature. In 1866-69 and 1871-72 he was contributor to the Nation and Atlantic Monthly where his first novel, Watch and Ward (1871) was published. James wrote it while he was traveling through Venice and Paris.After reinforcement in Paris, where James was contributor to the New York Tribune, he moved to England, living first in London and then in Rye, Sussex. During his first years in Europe James wrote novels that portrayed Americans living abroad. Jamess years in England were un unconstipatedtful. In 1905 he visited America for the first time in twenty-five year, and wrote Jolly Corner. It was establish on his observations of New York, but similarly a ni ghtmare of a man, who is haunted by a doppelganger. Between 1906 and 1910 James revised many of his tales and novels for the so-called New York Edition of his complete works. It was published by Charles Scribners Sons.His autobiography, A small boy and others (1913) was continued in Notes of a son and brother (1914). The third volume, The philia years, appeared posthumously in 1917. The outbreak of World War I was a shock for James and in 1915 he became a British citizen as a loyalty to his adopted country and in protest against the USs refusal to enter the war. James suffered a stroke on December 2, 1915. He expected to die and exclaimed So this is it at last, the distinguished thing However, James died three months later in Rye on February 28, 1916. Two novels, The Ivory Tower and The sense of the past(1917), were left nude at his death.Jamess three writing phases after his Biographer Leon Edel Jamess first, or international, phase encompassed such works as Transatlantic Sketc hes (travel pieces, 1875), The American (1877), Daisy Miller (1879), and a masterpiece, The Portrait of a Lady (1881). Jamess second period was experimental. He exploited new subject matters feminism and social reform in The Bostonians (1886) and political catch in The Princess Casamassima (1885). He also attempted to write for the theater, but failed embarrassingly when his play cuckoo Domville (1895) was booed on the first night. In his third, or major, phase James eturned to international subjects, but dole outed them with increasing sophistication and psychological penetration. The complex and almost mythical The Wings of the Dove (1902), The Ambassadors (1903) (which James mat was his best novel), and The florid Bowl (1904) date from this major period. In James, only self-awareness and clear perception of others yields wisdom and self-sacrificing love. Characteristic for James novels are lowstanding and sensitively gaunt lady portraits James himself was a homosexual, bu t sensitive to basic sexual differences and the fact that he was a male.His main themes were the innocence of the New World in conflict with corruption and wisdom of the Old. In Jamess later works, the most important events are all psychological usually moments of intense illumination that show characters their prior blindness. Apart from writing fiction, James made important contributions to the genre of literary theories, especially through his famous essay, The Art of Fiction, 1884. g. In his early critics James considered British and American novels dull and formless and French fiction intolerably unclean. M.Zola is magnificent, but he strikes an English reader as ignorant he has an telephone line of working in the dark if he had as much light as energy, his results would be of the highest value. (from The Art of Fiction) 4. Paste Two weeks after his fathers death Arthur eyeshade lost also his stepmother, an former actress Miss Bradshaw. After his stepmothers funeral Arthur told his cousin Charlotte to select and take some of the jewelry her aunt left. Charlotte selected a pearl necklace which seemed to her as real. Arthur felt deeply insulted with the thought that they were real and the way his stepmother as an actress could got such pearls.Charlotte apologizes and agrees with Arthur that they are paste and takes them s back to Bleet where she worked as governess. Once at a party, Mrs. Guy noniced the pearls, recognizes them as genuine and with Charlottes approval wears the string at the party. When Charlotte noticed that everybody at the party assumed they were real she insisted at the idea to return them to her cousine Arthur who soundless pretends to believe that they were pasteand later writes to her that he smashed them to destroy any false slur upon his family.Later however, Charlotte sees Mrs. Guz wearing a beautiful pearl string. She explained to Charlotte she bought it from a dealer to whom Arthur sold them. Charlotte was disappointed how her cousin could be so deceitful. The origin of Paste is rather more expressible, since it was to consist but of the ingenious thought of transposing the terms of one of Guy de Maupassants admirable stories.The story originated from the idea of reversing the situation of de Maupassants La Parure, in which a supposedly genuine necklace is found to be false, by catch the action on a string of perals, thought to worthless but proved to be real. In La Parure a poor young woman, under social stress, the expect of making an appearance on an important occasion, borrows from an old school friend, not much richer than herself, a pearl necklace which she has the appalling misfortune to suffer by some mischance never afterwards cleared up.Her life and her pride, as well as her husbands with them, become subject, from the hour of the awful accident, to the redemption of their debt which, sudor by effort, sacrifice by sacrifice, excuses, a rage of desperate explanation of their failure to re store the missing object, they finally obliterateall to find that their safe and sound consciousness and life have been convulsed, that the pearls were an imitation and that their passionate apology has ruined them for nothing.According to Henry James and his theory of fiction Guy de Mauppasant holds that we have no universal measure of the truth and that there are many different classes of fiction which help us to understand that the particular way we see the world is our particular illusion about it. 5. Fiction in Paste and Henry James Henry Jamess conception of writing fiction is delimitate in these words A novel is, in its broadest definition, a personal, a direct impression of life, that, to begin with, constitutes its value, which is greater or less according to the fervency of the impression.But there will be no intensity at all, and therefore, no value, unless there is freedom to feel and say. In his treatment of subject matter, James felt that no aspect of life should b e excluded. He said that the province of art is all life, all feeling, all observation, all vision it is all experience. That is a sufficient answer to those who maintain that it must not touch the sad things of life Jamess style of writing is magnificent and his canvas is broad cover both Europe and America.He is a master of character portrayal and has extensively used the stream of consciousness method in his fictional writing. Julie Rivkin explains the term as a radiating luminous intelligence which integrated the felt life into fiction. Perhaps more than any previous writer, James refined the technique of narrating a novel from the point of view of a character, thereby laying the foundations of modern stream of consciousness fiction. Henry James produced one hundred and xii stories and majority of them have been ignored or dismissed as a tributary to the mainstream of his novels.James creative energies were devoted equally into his novels, essays and his short stories, whi ch means that also the stories deserved critical explore as his novels or essays. James wrote about Guy de Maupassant that he will be remembered because of his more than hundred tales he wrote and not on his half a dozen novels meaning probably that he wanted to state that his whish would be to remember him himself also because of his novels and his short stories. 6. Paste analysis Henry James is grappling with the idea of keeping the story under 7,000 words.Part of this struggle develops from his idea seemingly having too much to say, but the notebook entry also leans towards the difficulty of being able to create a diverse enough idea to actually have a story within this space. James seems to be attempting to begin answering what is the short story but to do anything worth while with it I must be very clear as to what it is in it and what I wish to get out of it. It must be a picture it must illustrate something. This also refers back to that that the writer needs to avoid a s imple summary of events and the reader must encounter a story within the sketch structure.Within James description of the story he intends to work on, he places a great deal of emphasis on contrast to relay his story. Paste is one of the some tales in which James successfully approaches Maupassants technique, allo upgradeg the objective action of the tale to reveal all its characters and values. The plot is swiftly set in motion, on the twenty-four hours of his stepmothers funeral , Arthur allows his cousin Charlotte to take one peace of stage jewelry, she picks out some paste pearls which she honorably returns to Arthur when she founds out they are real.Arthur being a prudish stepson is greedy enough to sell the pearls , while he wrote her cousin he destroyed them. As so much in this tales, the professional virtuous are unfastened as utterly fraudulent and the decent people as Charlotte as selfless fools. Only Mrs. Guy which with her name remembers us on Guy de Maupassant is o ne of Jamess innumerable versions of the Madame Merle- type competent wordly woman with an innocent look and a strong authority manages to a short while to win the readers thoughts.Paste is told by an omniscient third-person narrator, who refrains from judging the characters or their actions. The narrator does have access to the characters thoughts, but for the most part, the narrator simply describes the events of the story, expiration it up to the reader to determine the nature of the characters through their actions. Most of all, the narrator is concerned with Charlotte Prime. The incorrupt dimension is most obvious in what appears to be Jamess confident insistence on the reality of moralistic evil, motivated by egoism and by self-sacriface, especially sacrifice of own happiness.Charlotte insisted on the difficulty of sacrifice and she does not act for her own good, she wants to be fair and returns the pearls to her greedy cousin and when she founds out that he sold them she asks her self why was she so moral and truthful Jamess characters, especially Charlotte, are presented as they having a very difficult time to simply trying to understand what they most need to understand- their own and others intentions or motives. The major themes in the story are paste, greed, losing moral values, truth vs. lie.All the themes are connected with a symbol in the story. Paste meaning the farce which Arthur plays toward his cousin, implying that things are not always what they seem to be. All the themes are connected with transition from innocence and naivety to experience. Development of Charlotte Prime in Paste Charlotte Prime is a governess in a little town called Bleet and the role of a governess in Victorian times was not a favourite figure in Victorian England. The governess did not have a social position worthy of attention.The problem existed in them that aristocrats and middle-class Victorians were not sure how to treat the governess because she was in many cases also from the same class as they were, but her lack of financial stability made them view her as she were from the lower class. To work as a governess in Victorian times was justified by the society only if she found herself in financial distress or had no relatives to give her support. From the story it is noticeable that Charlotte Prime was also working as a governess because her bad financial situation 6. ConclusionThe main aim of this research paper was to show how James dealt with fiction in his short stories, especially in Paste. James was fascinated to be challenged with writing short stories. He knew that had to take one single incident and his fiction does not generally lend itself to a close examination or its values are diffuse, the structure is often loose, its effects depend on stock certificate devices and responses. That means that a plot need be no more than a string of stock devices for arousing stock responses of concern and excitement in the reader. The re aders interest may be captured t the outset by the promise of conflicts or mysteries or frustrations that will eventually be resolved, and he will gladlyso strong is his desire to be moved or entertainedsuspend criticism of even the most trite modes of resolution. 7. Bibliography 1. Baldev Vaid, Krishna (1964). Technique in the tales of Henry James. Cambridge HUP Press 2. Gale L. , Robert (1965). Plots and Characters in the Fiction of Henry James. HamdenThe Shoe String 3. Pippin, Robert B. ( 2000). Henry James and modern moral life. Cambridge HUP 4. Putt, S. Gorley (1966). Henry James. A readers Guide. Ithaca, New York Cornell University Press.

Effects of Parental Death

The Effects of Pargonntal Death and its causes On Their pip-squeakrens Behaviors. By Tameka L. Flynt A paper presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of CST 5006 Survey of look Methodology Capella University May 2010 Address P. O. Box 1987 Griffin, GA 30223 Ph one(a) 678-588-9932 Email emailprotected com Instructor Trent Nguyen plagiarize The purpose of this understand is to criticism literature related to the effects of provokeal destruction on sisterren. Children who experience the close of a pargonnt is considered an at peril population for psychological, behavioral, and cordial problems. on that point are many factors relating to the representation children adjust to parental finale. Some of these factors include the age of the child, the gender of the child, the circumstances surrounding the wipeout (accidental, judge, or violent expiration), the adjustment of the surviving caregiver, etc. Children who experience the accidental or violent death of a parent are more at jeopardize to develop psychological problems, such as depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, than those children who experience the anticipate death of a parent. T suitable of Contents Abstract2 Table of Contents3 Introduction4 The Statement of the Problem5Review of Literature5 qualitative Research5 Quantitative Research9 Conclusion14 Annotated Bibliography15 Introduction Four percent of youth in the United States lose at least one parent by age cardinal (Samide & amp Stockton, 2002). The Death of a parent is a major and devastating event for a child. It gage affect a childs psychological and social development, which can lead to low academic performance and behavior problems. Everyday roundone dies whether its from a sudden death such as a car accident, a internal disaster, and violence or an expected death such as long term illnesses.Many people that die suck at least one child that live in the home under the age of eighteen. Understanding how th e children are affect by parental death is important for developing effective prevention and interventions strategies that can be used by children counselors, social workers, and school counselors. Studies agree been done to understand how these children are affected but there is room for further research. The Research questions that guided this research for the review of literature include 1. Does the cause of death have a contrasting effect on the way children grieve or adjust to life without their parent? . What are the around common problems children experiences afterward the death of a parent? 3. How are children affected by parental death? 4. What are the needs of children who experience parental death? The Statement of the Problem This research proposes to identify the incompatible effects parental death has on children and the factors (cause of death, age of child, gender of child, gender of surviving parent, etc) that relates to the adjustment of the child to the deat h of a parent. Review of Literature qualitative ResearchHope and Hate (2006) performed a qualitative playing area to explore the factors that affect childrens adjustment to the death of a parent. The authors of this study reviewed literature and comprise that many factors bring to the way children adjust to parental death. Previous research shows that children experience distress related to the breathing out of a parent. Factor that affect the way a child adjust includes the age of the child, the energize of the child, circumstances of death, relationship to the dead soul parent, adjustment to the remaining caregiver, & participation in post death rituals such as funerals.Other studies have compared the adjustment of children who have muddled a parent to suicide to those who have illogical a parent to terminal illness. Hope and Hodge (2006) conducted this study to halt insight from social workers who work with childhood affliction. They interviewed five social workers a sking questions related to the adjustment of children who lost a parent. They revolve arounded on the age of children, the sex of children, the circumstances of death (sudden or expected), and adjustment of the current caretaker. They focused on these factors because they found that these were the around common studied but the findings are the most contradictory.After interviewing the social workers Hope and Hodge (2006) found that they had observed similar patterns regarding the factors that affect the adjustment of children who lost a parent to death. Boys tend to show externalizing behaviors whereas girls tend to show internalizing behaviors due to the lost of a parent. They found that the cognitive level rather than the age of the child affects their adjustment more. Therefore younger children and preadolescents seem to have more difficulty adjusting to the death of a parent than adolescents.The way outs did not support earlier findings that sudden death present more difficul ty adjusting than expected death. Most of the participants reported that sudden and expected death is equally traumatic to children. The participants also said that the adjustment of the caretaker is important for a positive adjustment for the children. The caretaker must be able to grieve piece of music supporting the childs need to grieve. This study shows that children of different ages and genders fight down different to the death of a parent. The authors of this study choose to perform a qualitative study because of the small number of participants.The sampling was collected purpose to the full to focus on what social workers experienced when working with bereaved children. The methods used in this study limits generalizability. The participants all live in the same are of Virginia, therefore it is questionable if the results would be the same all over the country. It also focused on one culture so the results can be different with other cultures the authors also realized tha t the interviews may have been biased because of the answers that were given and the styles and opinions of the interviewer.Through this study social workers can gain a better understanding of how children adjust to the death of a parent so they can develop intervention strategies when working with these families. Children who view the homicide of a parent are becoming more common in the United States today. There is very little research done that evaluates the children after such a traumatic event. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert (1994) conducted a qualitative study where they performed a psychiatric evaluation of children who witness the homicide of a parent. They interviewed 55 children and adolescents between the ages of 3 to 17 in Los Angeles.They interviewed children from hours to weeks after the homicide to study the childs immediate response. They also interviewed children who had witness the homicide years earlier to study the continued impact of the event. The purpose o f this study is to cave in to our understanding of the nature of childs experience of trauma, the influence of development phase on symptoms expression, and the interaction of grief and trauma (Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, & Robert, 1994). The results of the interviews indicate that children who witness the violent death of parent results in a variety of juvenile post-traumatic stress.The interviews also suggest that the developmental phase of the child influences the development of post-traumatic stress. These interviews suggest that witnessing a homicide impairs the childs ability to grieve because they tend to focus on the mode of death which disrupts thoughts approximately the deceased. The sample in this study is small so it only represents a small population. The limitations also include the fact that the study was only performed in a specific community therefore it limits the generalizability of the study.The sample was selected purposefully because they chose to focus only on children who witness the homicide of a parent. Eppler (2008) performed a study to explore the themes of resiliency in children after the death of a parent. After the death of a parent many children experience difficulty grieve. They may experience feelings such as shock, guilt, and anger. They may lash out at their peers for a number other than death. Eppler (2008) reviewed several literature related to bereaved children and their experiences. He found that children who experienced the lost of a parent display lower levels of self delight in and self efficacy.The purpose of this study was to explore qualities of resiliency in children. The research question that guided this study was What resilience factors are identifiable in the stories of grieving children? (Eppler, 2008). The sample included 12 bereaved children who loss a parent within the past 36 months. The children were between the ages of 9 and 12 years old. There were 7 female and 5 male participants. The sample was co llected purposefully to broaden the understanding of children who experience grief. The participants were individually interviewed after gaining the parents or guardians written consent.The children were asked questions related to life before the death, how they found out about the death, their current situations, and what they thought would happen in the future. They were asked to write their stories after answering the questions. The author analyzed the data by reading and rereading the transcripts, notes, and stories. He also increased validity by directly quoting the participants. Eppler (2008) found that sadness was the look out over theme reported when a parent dies. The children in this study also reported that they see themselves as happy, nice, helpful, normal, and fun.Most of the children reported that they had support from immediate family, extended family, school, and some peers. Children that reported a full range of emotions and a support system did not seem to focus on sadness, fear, anger, and isolation. Limitations of this study include that children from one developmental age group participated in the study. There should be studies done to examine resilient factors in adolescents and younger children. This study is also not generalizable to other pagan groups because the majority of the sample was White. There was one participant who was African American.It is important that other studies be done to include other ethnic groups. Quantitative Research Children who experience the death of a parent may have problems adjusting to the new lifestyle. They tend to develop psychological and social problems. Children who experience the death of parent done accidental or sudden death may experience depression symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder. A longitudinal study conducted by Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker (2009) examined the effects of grief on children 21 months after parental death. A previous study was conducted by them baseball club months after the death of a parent.The questions that guided this study is 1) what are the predictors and pathways of depression and post traumatic stress disorder in parentally bereaved children and 2) does children of parents who died of suicide, accidents, or sudden natural death show a contrariety in the relative incidence and course of depression. Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, & Walker (2009) hypothesized that youth who lost a parent to death would continue to show a high(prenominal) preponderance and symptom severity of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder than non bereaved children 21 months after the death of a parent.They also hypothesized that children who parents died by suicide would show higher prevalence of depression and that predictors would include stressful life events, negative coping, low social support, and prior history of depression. The sample consisted of 176 children of parents who died by suicide, accident, or sudden natural death and 168 children of parents who both are still alive. The participants were recruited through coroners reports and newspaper advertisements. The participants were interviewed two times, at once at nine months after the death and once at 21 months after the death.They were assessed on socioeconomic status and household income, psychiatric disorders, experiences surrounding the death, severity of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal ideation, and family cohesion, social support, coping, and self-esteem. The results supported the theory that parentally bereave children would show a higher prevalence of depression and post traumatic stress disorder than non-bereaved children. Children whose parents died by suicide and accidents showed a higher rate of major depression than the comparison group (Brent, Melhem, Donohoe, Walker, 2009).They found that the incidence of PTSD was higher in the bereaved group than the comparison groups during the first nine months but not during t he 21 month follow up. The rate of incident depression was higher in the children who lost a parent to suicide than in those who lost a parent to sudden natural death which supports the second hypothesis made by the authors. One limitation of the study is that the majority of the subjects is ovalbumin and does not include homicides therefore it limits the generalizability.Although the participants were randomly selected the Hawthorne effect could have took place. Participants that knew they are a part of a study could have act differently. A study conducted by Raveis, Siegel, & Karus (1998) conducted a study to examine the potential predictors of childrens psychosocial adjustment to parental death. The predictors examined include the childs age, childs gender, deceased parent gender, time since death, length of illness, presence of siblings, and parental communication. The authors reviewed literature related to bereaved children.They found that younger children and those in earl y adolescence appear to have unworthy adjustment to parental death. They also found some controversy regarding the childs gender. Ravels, Siegal, & Karus, (1998) stated that some studies reported that girls are more dangerous to poor adjustment following the death of a parent where other studies found that boys are more vulnerable to poor adjustment. One study found no difference in gender at all and another study found that the deceased parent gender may affect the way they adjust.The sample used in this study consisted of 83 families with school age children whose parent died of cancer. They conducted interviews with the surviving parent and the child. They also had the child of the deceased parent to have it off the Childrens Depression Inventory (CDI) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Youths (STAIY) if they were 12 years or older or the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC) if they were 11 years or younger. The results of this study suggested that the bereaved children whose surviving parent have an open level of communication have a lower level of distress.The gender of the child correspond with depression with girls reporting higher levels of symptom than boys. Anxiety correlated with the age of the child with older children reporting lower levels of anxiety than younger children. One limitation of this study is that it is solely relying on the answers provided by the surviving parent and the children which can become unreliable. Also the families participating in the study is predominantly White and shopping center or upper class. The socioeconomic factors may affect the childrens adjustment process differently.The last limitation is that the deceased parent died due to cancer. Other causes of death such as accidents, homicides, or other natural illness may yield different results. McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, (2009) conducted a study to evaluated the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and post-traumatic stress disord er symptoms in children who have lost a parent to death. They compared the results of children who lost a parent to sudden/violent death to those who lost a parent to expected death.The questions that guided this research are 1) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from Childhood traumatic Grief (CTG) to the same purpose as those children who lose a parent to a sudden or violent death, 2) Do children who experience an expected death of a parent suffer from post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) symptoms to the same extent as those children who lose a parent to a sudden and/or violent death, and 3) To what extent do parentally bereaved children experience CTG and PTSD symptoms. The sample used in this study consisted of 158 parentally bereaved children ages 7-16.The children completed the University of California at Los Angeles Post-Traumatic judge Disorder Reaction Index for DSM-IV to measure PTSD symptoms and the Extended Grief Inventory (EGI) to measur e CTG symptoms. The results of this study showed that the incidence of PTSD and CTG was not different in children who had experienced an expected loss of a parent compared to those who had experienced a violent or sudden death (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). Children who experience both expected and unexpected losses showed signs of PTSD and CTG symptoms. African American children exhibit CTG symptoms at a higher degree than White children.This study suggested that elementary school children have higher CTG symptoms than older children. One limitation is that of generalizability because a purposive sample was used. The sample was recruited from bereavement camps therefore it is likely that those parents who were having more issues with their bereaved child were most likely to register their children up for bereavement camp. Another limitation includes the measurement tool. The EGI is a newly developed instrument and its psychometric properties have not been fully investigated (McClatchy, Vonk, & Palardy, 2009). ConclusionUnderstanding how children are affected by the death of a parent in essential to those professionals who work with children. Studies have shown that children are indeed affected by the loss of a parent whether it is a sudden death or expected death. Depression symptoms and post traumatic stress disorder symptoms are the most common problems that parentally bereaved children experience. They also experience behavioral problems such as aggression, acting out, lashing out at others, etc. These problems can result in academic problems in school. Parental death not only has immediate effects on children but long term effects as well.There are many factors that affect the way children adjust to parental death including age, gender, adjustment of surviving parent, circumstances of death, etc, professionals working with children needs to understand that all children react different to parental death so the needs of the children are different . Overall children need to be allowed to grieve in their own way, they need to be able to communicate with the surviving parent about the death, and they need support from others beside family because family members are usually tending to their own grief.The needs of children who experience parental death are important for those professional to develop prevention and intervention strategies to eliminate the development of emotional and social problems. Therefore further researcher is important to develop a better understanding of parentally bereaved children. Annotated Bibliography Ayyash-Abdo, H. (2001). Childhood Bereavement What School Psychologists Need to Know. School Psychology International , 27 (4), 417-433. This article is a review of literature on childrens conception of death, factors influencing the conceptions of death, and reactions to the death of a parent.This article also provides intervention strategies including play therapy, bibliotherapy, and group therapy for s chool counselors to utilize when working with bereaved children. Brent, D. , Methem, N. , Donohoe, M. B. , amp Walker, M. (2009). The Incidence and Course of Depression in Bereaved Youth 21 Months After the Loss of a Parent to Sucide, Accident, or Sudden Death. The American ledger of Psychiatry , 166 (7), 786-794. This study was performed to compare the incidence and course of depression between those children who lost a parent to suicide, accident, or sudden natural death.One hundred and cardinal six children, ages 7-26, who experienced the death of a parent and 168 non-bereaved children were the participants in this study. Children who loss a parent to death were more vulnerable to depression and alcohol or substance abuse. Eppler, C. (2008). Exploring themes of Resiliency in Children Affte the Death of a Parent. Professional School Counseling , 11 (3), 189-196. This is a qualitative study to explore how quickly children get after the death of a parent. Twelve children, who exp erienced the death of parent in the past 36 months was interviewed while the sessions were recorded.They also were asked to write story about the death of their parent. Sadness was a theme that was reported by all the participants. They also had a range of emotions. Children who have helpful support systems does not focus on sadness or anger but see themselves as happy and normal. Eth, Spencer, Pynoos, amp Robert. (1994). Children Who Witness the Homicide of a Parent. Psychiatry , 57 (4), 287. This article is a qualitative study that evaluated children who witness the homicide of a parent. Fifty-five children and adolescents were interviewed.This study showed that children who witness the death of a parent results in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. It also showed that the developmental phase of the child effects the PTSD symptoms found in these children. Hope, R. M. , amp Hodge, D. M. (2006). Factors Affecting Childrens Adjustment to the Death of a Parent The Social Work Pro fessionals Viewpoint. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal , 23 (1), 107. This qualitative study was performed to explore the factors that affect childrens adjustment to the death of a parent.The authors interviewed professional social workers with 11/2 to 22 years of experience working with bereaved children. Age, gender, circumstances of the death, and the adjustment of the caregiver are the factors that was explored. The social workers interviewed had similar observations regarding the factors that affect the adjustments of children who experience the loss of a parent. McClatchy, I. S. , Vonk, M. E. , & Palady, G. (2009). The Prevalence of Childhood Traumatic Grief- A Comparison of Violent/Sudden and Expeted Loss. Omega , 59 (4), 305-323.This study compared the prevalence of childhood traumatic grief and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms of those children who lost a parent to violent/sudden death and those children who expected the loss of a parent. There were 158 chi ldren that participated in the study. 63 children lost a parent to expected death and 60 percent of the children lost a parent to a sudden or violent death. The incidence of CTG and PTSD did not differ in children who experienced sudden/violent loss of a parent from those who experienced an expected loss. Ravels, V. , Siegal, K. , & Karus, D. (1999).Childrens Psychological affliction Following the Death of a Parent. Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 28 (2), 165. This article focused on the families with children who had a parent die of cancer. The children psychological distress was examined in this article. The authors of this article focused on the attributes of the family environment and what role it plays in the distress of the child. Another factor is the circumstances surrounding the death of the parent. Eighty-three families participated in this study. The level of distress in the bereaved child was found to be affected by the way the child perceives the surviving paren t.Saldinger, A. , Cain, A. , Kalter, N. , amp Lohanes, K. (1999). Anticipating Parental Death in Families with Young Children. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 69 (1), 39-48. This article focused on the children who are losing a parent to illness and the association of mental health outcomes of these children. The sample included 41 families. The authors of the article interviewed the surviving parent and gave the children self repots to complete. Anticipating the death was associated with better mental outcomes that sudden death according to the authors.

Honesty Is The Best Policy

It is clear that the area of nanomedical applications and nanoparticulate pharmaceutical delivery advances pass on elaborate tremendously in the near future. Nanogel-drug formulations will be farther assessed in application to former(a) drug consignment paths, such as oral, aerosolic or transdermal administration. A undertaking submission for nanogel-encapsulated NTP is aerosolic pulmonary drug consignment. In this mode of management, the fastest and most direct pharmaceutical delivery can be achieved, particularly for the discussion of lung cancerous disease and pulmonary diseases such as influenza, which are expanding worldwide.Aerosolic drug-loaded nanogel particles can be easily administered deep into the lungs at first signals of infection. This timely remedy will save the airway epithelium from rapid degradation and development of critical secondary infections. Specific aimed at nanogels will be evolved as shortly as novel receptors and ligands are found out in the disease/v irus-affected tissues and body parts. On the other hand, powerful metal-chelating properties of nanogels can provide added modalities in post-synthetic modifications of the carriers for diagnostic and remedial reason. Subsequent study will reveal the genuine potential of nanogels and nanogel formulations with nucleoside analogs in accomplishing more convoluted aims associated with methodical preclinical studies.Name of the Research Groups Contact Details domain of a function of Research Dr Todd R. Hoare Associate Professor Department of Chemical Engineering McMaster UniversityDepartment of Chemical Engineering 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L7, CanadaOffice JHE A409 email emailprotected Investigating nanogels which change their dimensions, their affinity with other chemicals in their environment, or their optical properties upon controlled changes to the gel environmentSiegwart Research collection, The University of TexasGeneral Address 5323 Harry Hines Blvd. Dallas, T X 75390-8807 Office Phone 214-645-6354 emailprotected Siegwart LabPrepartion of cationic nanogel for nucleic acid delivery. The OHern Group,Yale School Of Engineering and apply ScienceDepartment of Mechanical Engineering Yale University P. O. Box 208286 New Haven, CT 06520-8286 Self-assembly of protein nanogels, and the structural and mechanical properties of cells and tissues.Name of the Research Groups Contact Details Area of Research Marina Resminis research group Queen Mary University Of London Queen Mary University Of London Mile End Road London E14NS TEL+ 44(0) 2078825555 Polymeric Nanogels .New Junior Research GroupFreie UniversityFreie Universitt Berlin Kaiserswerther Str. 16-18 14195 Berlin Germany University border Exchange + 49 / 30 / 838-1Investigates Nanogels for Cancer TherapyGeorgia institute of technology group AtlantaGeorgia Institute of Technology North Ave. Atlanta, Georgia 30332Development of drug delivery vehicles for macromolecular therapeutics

Advantages disadvantages and impacts of Globalization

Introduction globalisation is a procedure in which limited societies, economic transcriptions, and urbaneizations have committed through a planetary system of trade. The term is sometimes used to mention peculiarly to economic globalization the incorporation of national economic systems into the transnational economic system through trade, foreign direct investing, detonating device flows, and addition of engineering. globalization is by and large known as determined by a combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, and political factors this term can be fiberfaces mention to the world-wide dispersion of thoughts, linguistic communications, or voguish civilisedization. Competition increases among states. ( Alassane D. Ouattara, 1997 )hypertext transfer communications communications protocol //www.imf.org/ external/np/speeches/1997/052197.htmGlobalization is the consequence of a figure of interrelated nurtures includingThe emergence and comparative deduction o f foreign direct investing.The worldwideisation of economic markets.The quickly and go oning ontogeny of communicating and conveyance engineeringLiberalization and DeregulationA Public celestial sphere work converted into denationalization( www.tssa.org.uk )hypertext transfer protocol //www.tssa.org.uk/article-38.php3? id_article=2190Economic globalisation is characterized by change magnitude in trade and investing, liberalisation, denationalization of public services and deregulating of many authorities establishments. Economic globalisation is besides linked with increasing ine lineament in wealth and specify between states and within states every bit good as between public and private sectors. Economic globalisation has been taking topographic point for the hold out several gray-haired ages it has begun to go on at an increased identify over the last 20-30 old ages. This modern roar has been mostly accounted by developed economic systems linked with less developed econ omic systems, by resources of foreign direct investing, the decrease of trade obstructions, and the modernization of these developing civilizations. Environmental globalisation recognizes that an environmental incident or adjoin that happens in one state is non circumscribe to that province but has the realistic to impact the full human race s well being. Therefore, communicative globalisation refers to the rapid growing of communicating engineerings such(prenominal) as cyberspace, telephone, orbiter and so on, Ability to touch people, information and thoughts around the universe which impact on civilization, both positively and banly.( www.scribd.com )hypertext transfer protocol //www.scribd.com/ medico/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economyDenationalization is a demand for globalisation and goes side by side with it. Nowadays the phrase of globalisation has gained importance in whole over of the universe. Globalization may hold positive or negative impact on develo ping states. However, the developing states can last by change in the development of globalisation by public policy alteration for denationalization, deregulating and liberalisation.The moving cover of fiscal globalisation as the mid-1980s has been marked by addition in capital flows among industrial states, peculiarly between industrial and developing states. Where these capital flows have been linked with the high growing rates in some underdeveloped states. A figure of states have experienced disrupt prostration in growing rates and major fiscal crises over the same period, that catastrophe have exacted a serious toll in footings of macroeconomic and societal costs. Trade could impact these inequalities merely through its consequence on economic growing in single states. A cardinal issue, so concerns the likely consequence of trade on economic growing. ( khair Uz Zaman, , qaiser Aman , 2007 )Key Institutions of GlobalizationThe economic globalisation lies with certain influ ential fiscal establishments that are wholly in the custodies of western states. They include transnational Monetary Fund ( IMF ) population Bank ( WB )World Trade Organization ( WTO )These establishments are besides known as the Bretton Woods establishments and chiefly influence on the economic and political policy preparation in developing states.( Rahman MD Faizur, 2005 )History GlobalizationThe start of globalisation goes back to the 2nd one-half of the nineteenth century. When nationality as the footing for province formation was already widespread. The World Bank classifies the development of globalisation since so as followsThe 1st moving ridgepole of globalisation 1870 -1914The retreat into patriotism 1914 -1945The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation 1945 1980The new and 3rd moving ridge of globalisation 1980The first moving ridge of globalisation was started in 1870 and changeless until the beginning of the First World War in 1914. This period of globalisation made easy fo r the bringing of imported goods every bit good as the exported goods. The development of telegraph helped to get down contact over long distance.The period of 1914 to 1945 was tagged a retreat of independence and extensively improved in the proficient status of the conveyance and communicating. The great depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s direct to protectionism, which to boot restricted the transnational division of labours.The 2nd moving ridge of globalisation ( 1945-1980 ) followed the loyal period. As a response to the contend, there was a good deal attempt to heighten global clasp. This was reflected in the constitution of the United Nations in 1945 and the Bretton forests establishments in 1946. In 1980, trade of industries was to big extent freed of barricades. In the instance of agricultural merchandises, trade was restricted between developing states imports of merchandises of developing states were liberalized if they did non vie with those of the develop ed states.The 3rd moving ridge of globalisation started around 1980 and this stage continues today. Harmonizing to the World Bank, this period has four features that separate it from the old period.Large Numberss of developing states bankrupt into the planetary marketsDeveloping states became progressively marginalized and suffered from worsening incomes and progressively povertyWorldwide capital motions and in-migration became significant.Increasing devastation of production.( Kotilainen, Markku Kaitila, Ville , 2002 )Globalization, as World War II, is fundamentally the consequence of planning by politicians to interrupt down the boundary lines obstructions in trade to increase the prosperity and interdependence, as a consequence to cut down the opportunities of future war between the states.Since World War II, barriers to international trade have been significantly decreased through international understandings GATT. Particularly inaugural carried out as a consequence of GATT a nd WTO, for which GATT is the foundation, has includedPromotion of free tradeEliminating of duties creative activity of free trade sector with little or no duties.Reduced transit cost, particularly ensuing from development of containerization for ocean transportation.Decrease, riddance or coordination of fiscal support for local concerns macrocosm of fiscal support for world-wide corporations.Coordination of rational poorness Torahs a cross the bulk of provinces, with more(prenominal) limitations.Super national designation of rational poorness restrictions.( www.scribd.com )hypertext transfer protocol //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economyThe phrase Globalization has been used loosely by media and educational in recentold ages. This describes the procedure of generate webs of connexions through achoice of flows of information, people, capital goods and engineering.In economic sciences, globalisation connect in assorted stage of cross-border traffics, fre einternational capital flows, foreign direct investing, portfolio investing, and rapid andwidespread distribution of engineering. Globalization enhances the economic prosperity and leads to more efficient allotment of resources, which, in bend will ensue in higher end product, moreemployment, debase monetary values and higher criterion of life. However, some critics worryabout the ensuing outsourcing and off shore, which have destroyed the Americanfabrication sector.( www.scribd.com )hypertext transfer protocol //www.scribd.com/doc/20581903/Globalization-and-pakistani-economyAdvantages of GlobalizationGoods and people are transferred with more relaxation from one state to an other.Due to globalization war between developed states has reduced.Free trading increases the mutuality of the nation-state.Peoples connected in the universe due to planetary mass media.Communication between persons and corporations in the universe increases.Environmental security in developed states additions . encouragement of more researches and development of new machines and equipment for domestic usage.Peoples connected in the Earth due to worldwide mass media.Strong competition therefore encourages higher quality merchandisesGlobal mass media connects all the people in the universeIncrease in economic growing of the state.Decrease of cultural barriers increases the planetary small township consequence( www.buzzle.com )www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.htmlDISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATIONIncreased in flow of skilled and non-skilled occupations from developed to developing states as corporations try to happen out the cheapest labourCorporate influence of nation-states far exceeds that of civil family organisations and mean personsIncreased opportunity of economic breaks in one state impacting all states.Menace that control of universe media by a dabble of corporations will restrict cultural visual aspect.Greater opportunity of reactions for globalisation being aggr essive in an effort to support cultural traditions.Greater reckon of diseases being transported accidentally between statesSpread of a mercenary life style and attitude that sees ingestion as the way to prosperityInternational extreme structures like the World Trade Organization violate the national and single independency.Addition in the opportunities of cosmopolitan war within developing states and unfastened war between developing states as they struggle for resourcesDecreases in environmental dependability as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulative regulations in developing states.( www.darkseptemberrain.com ) concussions of GlobalizationHarmonizing to economic experts, there are a batch of planetary events connected with globalisation and incorporation. It is easy to sort the alterations brought by the globalisation.Improvement of International Trade.Globalization increases the international trade between many states and makes the sale or purchase easy.Techno logical Progress.Governments have upgraded their degree of engineering to vie and be competitory globally.Increasing act of Multinational Companies.An of import tendency in the globalisation is the increasing influence and broadening range of the transnational companies. A company that has subordinates in assorted states is called a multinational.Power of the WTO, IMF, and WB.Another consequence of globalisation is the beef uping power and influence of international establishments such as the World Trade Organization, International Monetary Fund, and World Bank.Greater Mobility of Human Resources across Countries.A Globalization allows states to supply their lop force in states with inexpensive labour. For case, the work force deficits in Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia furnish chances for labour exporting states such as the Philippines to convey their human resources to those states for employment.Greater Outsourcing of Business Processes to Other Countries.Different states ar e enormously profiting from this tendency of planetary concern outsourcing. Global companies in the US take advantage of the cheaper labour and extremely skilled workers that states can propose.Civil Society.ABroadening range of the planetary civil society is an of import tendency in globalisation. Many establishments are established in the state and run by citizens which civil society frequently refers to NGOs. Global civil society refers to NGOs that advocate certain issue or cause. There are many NGOs that promote good environment to adult females s and back up their rights. Government and NGOs have the same end of voiceing the people but these NGOs are working to set up constabularies that are good to all.( www.hubpages.com )hypertext transfer protocol //hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-GlobalizationEffectss of globalisationMore goods and services are availableExpansion of new marketsIncome coevals and increased in economic growingontogenesis in the volume and scope of cross boun dary line minutess in goods and services.Addition in the usage of new engineering in small-scale fabrication to increase the degree of production.The planetary greenness market has a freedom to merchandise of goods and capitalThe outgrowth of a new market where the merchandises were market at an international degree for all type of consumers.Widely entree to a big assortment of goods for consumers and companies.Free motion of people of different state s leads to community benefits.Global environmental and other trade jobs are solved by treatments.development of containerization of ocean transportation cut down the transit costDecrease in trade barrierAdditions in international travel and touristryAddition in the aspiration to utilize abroad thoughts and merchandises, accept new patterns and engineerings and go a portion of universe civilization.Subsidies for local concerns lesseningLocal consumer merchandises are exported to other statesCapital controls cut down or suppressEnhancem ent in world-wide modern traditions/cultures.( www.buzzle.com )hypertext transfer protocol //www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-of-globalization.htmlDevelopment COUNTRYDeveloping states are those which have a lower per capita income, unemployment, deficiency of goods and services. Peoples have a lower criterion of life, high infant mortality rate.Features of Developing EconomyThe common features of developing statesLower life criterionsInsufficient lodgingLow instruction criterionIncrease in decease rateLimited life and work anticipationHigh and lifting degrees of unemployment and under employment.Lack of engineeringLow criterion of instruction( www.shvoong.com )hypertext transfer protocol //www.shvoong.com/social-sciences/1758902-characteristics-developing-countries/Advantages of globalisation in the underdeveloped universeGlobalization increases the economic prosperity and chance in the underdeveloped universe. The countrywide freedom is enhanced and increases the resources of th e developing states and there is a more efficient usage of resources. any the states involved in the free trade are at a net income. As a consequence, there are lower monetary values, more employment and a better criterion of life in these developing states. It is feared that some developing countries advancement at the costs of other developed countries. However, such concerns are unsuccessful as globalisation is a positive-sum opportunity in which the accomplishments and engineerings enable to increase the life criterions throughout the universe. Liberals look at globalisation as an efficient tool to extinguish poorness and let the hapless people to keep a strong clasp in the planetary economic system.The Impact of Globalization on the Pakistan EconomyGlobalization is non new. Pakistan has been involved in trade, investing, fiscal flows, engineering transportations and the motion of labour since its foundation. There are a figure of factors that have aided this transmutation.The outburst of new marketsForeign exchange and capital markets are linked internationally. They control 24 hours a twenty-four hours with contact any where in the universe possible in all clip. Fiscal deregulating increases the impact of globalisation on the economic system.New engineering and the tools of globalisationThe cyberspace, electronic mail, nomadic phones, media and communicating webs have all sped up the procedure of globalisation. They have increased the broaden of communicating and and velocity cognition transportation.New institutional participantsThe World Trade Organization ( WTO ) has emergent right over national authoritiess, as does the IMF with its limitations and controls it can coerce on states necessitating support. Multinational corporations have more economic power than many other states. Include financess and fiscal traders are able to command fiscal flows and accordingly exchange rates, go forthing states helpless in their aftermath.New regulations and limi tationsCommon understandings on trade, services and rational belongings rights, supported by strong enforcement instrument, diminish the possibility for national authoritiess to widen their ain economic policies.Pakistan EconomyPakistan is a South Asiatic state that was established in 1947. A Pakistan is a underdeveloped state its inbuilt population is about 180 million. Its adjacent parts include India, Iran, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and China. Its GDP is $ 164 billion and lending in agribusiness, industry and services severally 19.6 % , 26.82 % and 53.7 % . Per capita income and HDI is about $ 1022 and 0.52. Population of Pakistan is in the 6th figure and has biggest and strongest ground forces in the universe. Pakistan economic system is based on agribusiness sector. In last two decennaries Pakistan service industry has grown up quickly. More than 50 % population of Pakistan is linked with the rural sector. So that s why largely country is neglected and misused. Entire acquired country of Pakistan is 803,940 km2, but largely country is neglected and developing. External debts are around $ 50.1 billion. Pakistan has an outstanding potency for growing and its current growing rate is 2 % . Pakistan has marvels hoarded wealths of natural resources, fruitful lands, some of largest natural resources mines, highest mountain scopes, 1050 stat mi coastline, huge comeuppances and the best productive lands. Pakistan is one of the most blest states on the Earth. But Pakistan political and economic conditions are non good.( www.ezinearticles.com )hypertext transfer protocol //ezinearticles.com/ ? Pakistans-Economy & A id=3489752Pakistan economic developmentlast few old ages at that place has been a con rate of Pakistan economic development that has marked itself in its singular gross domestic merchandise statistics. In fiscal twelvemonth 2007 there was an addition of 52 per centum in sum fixed in Pakistani budget for the development of national economic system. This has been an of import measure in development of Pakistan economic system is relate as this move has required to turn to underdevelopment of national economic system that has broaden at all degrees particularly in societal sector. Economic development of Pakistan has ever been among its major assets every bit far as attain designation from planetary fiscal circles is concerned. In decennary of 60s Pakistan s economic system had progressed at a consecutive rate and it was position as being first-class. Economic policies adopted by national authorities have helped economic development in Pakistan to a important extent. In 1990s 2 % of gross domestic merchandise of Pakistan had been assigned for economic advancement and its two-base hit in 2003.In 1999 PKR 80 billion had been set away for economic development of Pakistan and by 2007 this sum had gone up to PKR 520 billion. In financial twelvemonth 2008 this sum was PKR 549.7 billion. privation in rural countries has been an of import country of Pakistani economic sciences. From 2005 to 2008 $ 16.7 trillion has been spent in order to cover with different issues related to poorness. This money has play a really of import function in overall economic development in Pakistan. Poverty has been reduced to 24 % by 2006 from 35 % at 2000-01. As per Human Development Index of 2007 Pakistan has been accorded position of a Medium Development Country .Infrastructural development is an of import country of Pakistan economic development. However, it has non been paid much attending by Pakistan national authorities. More old ages a figure of international fiscal organisations have played a most of import function in development of Pakistan s economic system such as International Monetary Fund, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. From 2006 to 2009 Asian Development Bank would be supplying about $ 6 billion for Pakistan economic development. World Bank is supposed to supply a loan for infrastructural development outlay $ 6 .5 billion in the same period. Pakistan would besides roll up a annual fiscal aid from Japan worth $ 500 million.( www.economywatch.com )hypertext transfer protocol //www.economywatch.com/world_economy/pakistan/VariablesGDP is the amount of market value of all concluding goods and services produced in a state within a given twelvemonth, tantamount to entire consumer, investing and authorities disbursement, plus the value of export, minus the value of imports. GDP includes merely goods and services produced within the geographical boundaries of the U.S, in malice of the manufacturer s nationality.( investorwords.com )FDI Direct investings in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign state, as opposed to investings in portions of local companies by foreign entities. An of import characteristic of an progressively globalized economic system.( www.investorwords.com )BotA state s exports minus its imports it is the largest constituent of a state s balance of payments.hype rtext transfer protocol //www.investorwords.com/396/balance_of_trade.html

Airport Security: the Post 9/11 Age

lookport protective cover The positioning 9/11 Age personal credit lineport bail in the world we live in nowadays is drastic whollyy different then the security department we knew before the events of family line 11, 2001, when four passenger airliners were high-jacked over the skies of the united States, causing a global terror pandemic that still has long lasting effects today. We allow look at, discuss and break down some of the key features of airdrome security in Canada as well as the join States, that have been improved, as well as certain security programs and features which were freshly implemented as a direct result.We will discuss no- drop lists, personnel training and armament, and the Canadian Air have a bun in the oven Security Authority or CATSA, including their security masking piece techniques and procedures (screening, responsibilities, Air Marshalls). The No-Fly List was created shortly aft(prenominal) the events of 9/11, by the unify States governm ents Terrorist Screening Center (TSC). The list includes the strikes of wad who atomic number 18 deemed unsafe, or a threat to Airline security and ar no longer permitted to mesa a commercial airline for the purpose of travel coming in or egress of the united States.The list now contains roughly 10,000 haves (2011), the number people on the list fluctuates based on threat, and intelligence reporting. Canada also has a similar list called the rider Protect, a similar initiative to that of the United States list, implemented on June 18, 2007 in order to identify people who could be a threat to the security of aviation, and prevent them from boarding Canadian domestic evasions as well as International flights to or from Canada.The Passenger Protect program has two main parts a set of Identity Screening Regulations which requires all passengers 18 courses of age and older to present a valid form of government-issued Identification in order to board a flight, as well as a Speci fied Persons List which has a name, birth date, and gender of the individuals believed to pose a security threat. The list contains roughly 1,250 names. Individuals who have been denied boarding and are in fact on the list can submit an appeal to a branch of Transport Canada, called the Office of Reconsideration.The program works by the government supplying the Specified Persons List to Airlines, who then comparison names of people on the list with individuals who intend on boarding flights. When the airline finds a name match, they then reference the individuals government-issued identification to confirm. The identification is then once more confirm in person at the aerodrome check-in area, when a confirmation has been established Transport Canada is direct notified.Training is also provided by Transport Canada to the airlines to teach staff and agents how to implement the ID verification process, and establish procedures to ensure the rights of the passengers are respected. Of course with a system handle this, controversy is brought up by courteous liberty organizations citing their concerns for courteous liberties, racial profiling, privacy, and the perceived failure of the no-fly list created in the United States. In the United States, several anomalies referred to as false positives have risen.A false positive happens when an individual who is actually not on the no-fly list, has a name matching or similar to a name on the list. One notable case of a false positive includes a United States Marine in April of 2006, who was flying home from Iraq when he was prohibit from boarding his flight home, as his name matched one on the no-fly list. The lists, although very controversial both present in Canada and in the United States play an important role in establishing airport/airline condom and security, and ensuring an event much(prenominal) as the attacks on September 11, 2001 will not re-occur.Secondly, the way Security violence are trained and arm ed has been drastically affected in the post 9/11 world. In the United States, immediately after the attacks for several weeks to months afterwards, fully armed guards, either Local Police or National Guard would patrol airports in full tactical gear wielding assault rifles or tactical shotguns. In Canada the response was similar, however not as fully extended as in the United States.In Canada today, the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority (CATSA) which is thoroughly explained in the next topic, handles all screening procedures by hiring third party closed-door security firms to conduct screening. Our general airport security providing resort is executed by local anaesthetic Police forces. The RCMP once used to handle all general airport security, now only handles a few airports including Edmonton International Airport. Edmonton International Airport has a detachment of the RCMP located on billet to ensure a quick and proper response to emergencies, ecurity and policing n eeds. The Police members on locate are trained in emergency preparedness in order to be able to resolve to a wide range of situations, including terrorism attacks. In addition to human Police officers, many airports such as Edmontons, implement canine members for certain situations such as sniffing out drugs, weapons, people, and fickles. In Edmonton specifically, at the RCMP airport detachment, they have Badge, a German Sheppard trained in attacking criminals, searching for lost people or baggage, as well as the ability to sniff out 15 different explosives.As well as the main goal of airport security of keeping a safe and problem free environment, security also includes taking into custody Response Services (ERS). Fire and medical services are always wide awake at a moments notice 24 hours a day, 365 days a year for emergencies such as fires, aircraft mayday emergencies, and terrorist attacks. The Emergency Response Services are always highly trained and fitted out with top of the line vehicles and equipment to deal with any situation, and all have requirements and policies on stringent response times.An pillowcase of the preparedness by the ERS in Edmonton is their ability to make it from the fire hall located on site to the mid-point on the furthest runway in 3 minutes. Finally, as a direct result of the attacks of September 11, 2001 we seen the formation of the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority or CATSA, in December 2001, introduced by then Finance Minister Paul Martin, which included a very comprehensive plan aimed at enhancing economic and personal security in Canada.In April of 2002 CATSA took over responsibility of passenger and employee screening, although they still hire private security companies to do much of the screening, CATSA still oversees training and equipment available. CATSA states their mission is to protect the public by securing deprecative elements of the air transportation system Their responsibilities can be grouped i nto four major areas Pre-board screening, hold baggage screening, non-passenger screening, and Restricted scope Identity Cards.Pre-board screening is done by Private Security firms hired and governed by CATSA, their tasks include getting all carry-on items coming onto an aircraft to go done X-ray, individuals must then pass through metal detectors and physical searches can and will be executed if an alarm is raised either through the metal detector, or random selection. Full body image scanners are also used to reveal weapons, objects or explosives hidden under or within clothing. CATSA also implements the use of Explosive Detection Trace (EDT) engineering at security checkpoints this involves a quick swabbing of carry-on items or hands to test for explosives.Hold-Baggage Screening (HBS) is other major area of CATSA, this is what happens to our baggage once it has been checked in and is on its way to be nonsensical onto the aircraft. This is the process of screening all checke d baggage using a combination of state-of-the-art explosive detection technology, as well as highly trained security personnel. During HBS the density of baggage is tested as well as additional testing for trace amounts of chemicals. HBS is currently in full deployment in 89 airports across Canada since 2006, for all domestic and international flights.CATSA is responsible for the instillation, deployment and renovations of HBS systems as well as regulatory compliance monitoring. Another major area of CATSA is non-passenger screening (NPS), this is required by Transport Canada starting prat in 2004 and involves the random screening of people who work at the airports, these people can include flight crews, airport crews, caterers, maintenance workers, and baggage handlers. This subjects employees to unpredictable security screenings at entry points within airport curtail areas, the screening process is similar to that of the passenger screening, and also includes an Identification c heck.CATSA states that they screen 2,500 employees a day out of the 100,000 employees who have access to secure areas in Canadian airports. They also state that this program is continually evolving, as the only constant is the cooperation needed between screening officers and non-passengers. The fourth noted area of CATSA is the Restricted Area Identity Card (RAIC) program, which is constantly advancing through the use of biometric scanners. The RAIC program uses state-of-the-art duel biometric scanner identification programs to ensure the identity of the personnel who have restricted access.The program includes cards with built-in microchips to install biometric information of fingerprint and iris scanner templates. The RAIC program has been fully functional since January 31, 2007 in over 28 major airports in Canada. Its notable that the biometric technology used here is also utilized in non-passenger screening and these two programs work in conjunction with one another. CATSA al so jointly implements the Canadian Air Carrier Protective Program (CACPP) with Transport Canada this program is similar to that of the U.S. Sky Marshall Program. This program strategically places highly trained, armed, undercover RCMP members, also known as In-Flight Security Officers (IFSOs), on Canadian registered commercial airliners. IFSOs empowerment is to be able to successfully prevent the aircraft from being taken over by an unauthorized individual(s), as well as gather and interpret intelligence on terrorist and criminal activity within civil aviation. In conclusion, airport security in North America and the world will continue to have and prosper.In the post 9/11 world today, policies and procedures will only grow tighter and more stringent in an effort to prevent terrorism. From no-fly lists created to prevent the wrong people from boarding passenger planes, to tighter and better trained local Police and Security personnel on the front lines preforming screening, securi ty and emergency response services. To government initiatives like the Canadian Air Transport Security Authority providing important and well-rounded security systems from x-ray scanners to In-Flight Security Officers, the airline industry has never been more stringent in counter terrorism.References Airport screening 9/11 response. (n. d. ). In CBC News the fifth estate. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http//www. cbc. ca/fifth/fastenseatbelts/security. html No fly list. (n. d. ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/No_Fly_List Passenger Protect. (n. d. ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Passenger_Protect Security Screening. (n. d. ). In Canadian air transport security authority. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http//www. atsa-acsta. gc. ca/Page. aspx? ID=7&pname=Screening_Controle&lang=en Canadian air carrier protective program. (n. d. ). In Transport Canada. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from htt p//www. tc. gc. ca/eng/aviationsecurity/page-186. htm gazette magazine the canadian air carrier protective program . (n. d. ). In RCMP-GRC. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http//www. rcmp-grc. gc. ca/gazette/vol70n3/air-eng. htm Emergency response. (n. d. ). In Fly EIA. Retrieved October 25, 2012, from http//www. flyeia. com/emergency_response. aspx