Why Churchill Lost the 1945 Election

In 1945 Britain, an event occurred which still causes shocked questions from around the world: how did Winston Churchill, the man who had led Britain to victory in the Second World War, get voted out of office at the moment of his greatest success, and by such an apparently large margin. To many it looks like Britain was supremely ungrateful, but push deeper and you find that Churchill’s total focus on the war allowed he, and his political party, to take their eyes off the mood of the British People, allowing their pre-war reputations to weigh them down. Churchill and the Wartime Consensus In 1940 Winston Churchill was appointed Prime Minister of a Britain who appeared to be losing the Second World War against Germany. Having been in and out of favor over a long career, having been ousted from one government in World War One only to return later to great effect, and as a long-standing critic of Hitler, he was an interesting choice. He created a coalition drawing on the three main parties of Britain – Labour, Liberal, and Conservative – and turned all his attention to fighting the war. As he masterfully kept the coalition together, kept the military together, kept international alliances between capitalist and communist together, so he rejected pursuing party politics, refusing to aggrandize his Conservative party with the successes he and Britain began to experience. For many modern viewers, it might seem that handling the war would merit re-election, but when the war was coming to a conclusion, and when Britain divided back into party politics for the el ection of 1945, Churchill found himself at a disadvantage as his grasp of what people wanted, or at least what to offer them, had not developed. Churchill had passed through several political parties in his career and had led the Conservatives in the early war in order to press his ideas for the war. Some fellow conservatives, this time of a far longer tenure, began to worry during the war that while Labour and other parties were still campaigning – attacking the Tories for appeasement, unemployment, economic disarray – Churchill was not doing the same for them, focusing instead on unity and victory. Churchill Misses Reform One area where the Labour party were having success campaigning during the war was reform. Welfare reforms and other social measures had been developing before World War 2, but in the early years of his government, Churchill had been induced into commissioning a report on how Britain could rebuild after it. The report had been chaired by William Beveridge and would take his name. Churchill  and others were surprised that the findings went beyond the rebuilding they’d envisioned, and presented nothing less than a social and welfare revolution. But the hopes of Britain were growing as the war seemed to be turning, and there was vast support for Beveridge’s report to be turned into a reality, a great new dawn. Social issues now dominated the part of British political life that was not taken up with the war, and Churchill and the Tories slipped back in the public’s mind. Churchill, a one-time reformer, wished to avoid anything which might fracture the coalition and didn’t back the report as much as he might; he was also dismissive of Beveridge, the man, and his ideas. Churchill thus made it clear he was putting off the issue of social reform until after the elections, while Labour did as much as they could to demand it being put into practice sooner, and then promised it after the election. Labour became associated with the reforms, and the Tories were accused of being against them. In addition, Labour’s contribution to the coalition government had earned them respect: people who had doubted them before began to believe Labour could run a reforming administration. The Date Is Set, the Campaign Fought World War 2 in Europe was declared over on May 8th, 1945, the coalition ended on May 23rd, and the elections were set for July 5th, although there would have to be extra time to gather the votes of the troops. Labour began a powerful campaign aimed at reform and made sure to take their message to both those in Britain and those who had been forced abroad. Years later, soldiers reported being made aware of Labour’s goals, but not hearing anything from the Tories. In contrast, Churchill’s campaign seemed to be more about re-electing him, built around his personality and what he’d achieved in the war. For once, he got the thoughts of the British public every wrong: there was still the war in the East to finish, so Churchill seemed distracted by that. The electorate was more open to the promises of Labour and the changes of the future, not the paranoia about socialism that the Tories tried to spread; they weren’t open to the actions of a man who had won the war, but whose party had not been forgiven for the years before it, and a man who had never seemed – up to now – entirely comfortable with peace. When he compared a Labour-run Britain to the Nazis and claimed Labour would need a Gestapo, people were not impressed, and memories of the Conservative inter-war failures, and even of Lloyd George’s failure to deliver post World War 1, were strong. Labour Win The results began coming in on July 25th and soon revealed Labour winning 393 seats, which gave them a dominant majority. Attlee was Prime Minister, they could carry out the reforms they wished, and Churchill seemed to have been defeated in a landslide, although the overall voting percentages were much closer. Labour won nearly twelve million votes, to nearly ten million Tory, and so the nation wasn’t quite as united in its mindset as it might appear. A war-weary Britain with one eye on the future had rejected a party which had been complacent and a man who had focused entirely on the nation’s good, to his own detriment.​ However, Churchill had been rejected before, and he had one last comeback to make. He spent the next few years reinventing himself once more and was able to resume power as a peacetime Prime Minister in 1951.

Importance Of Education In To Kill A Mockingbird - 998 Words

In todays society, education plays an important role in a persons well being. It affects what college someone gets into, and what job that person has when they are older, it also affects how well people can communicate with each other. However, valuable education does not always come from a classroom, but instead, the outside world. In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, the children learn many real world problems that people faced in the 1930s, all of which still happen today. They face the real meaning of courage, racism, and self defence, as well as many more. To Kill a Mockingbird reveals how some of the most important things a person learns happens outside of the classroom. In chapter 11 of To Kill a Mockingbird, Mrs. Dubose says a†¦show more content†¦In the 1930s, it was out of the ordinary for a white person to have relations with a black person. Tom’s time on the witness stand told the jury and the people of Maycomb that Mayella had kissed him while he was trying to escape. In this time period, many of the community will believe a white mans lie than a black mans truth. â€Å"She did something that in our society is unspeakable: she kissed a black man,† (272). Segregation and racism were large problems occurring when this fiction took place. The children, had to face this issue first hand during the trial. Now, in the 21st century, students learn about segregation and racism. They learn about Martin Luther King Junior’s I Have a Dream speech. However, back then, teachers may not have taught about the issue, for it was a normality for whites to harass blacks and people who cared about them. Atticus taught them how equali ty was an important part of life and that all people deserved to be treated equally and fairly; no matter the color of their skin. Self defence is important concept to know. After the trial, Bob Ewell curses at Atticus, spits on him, and threatens to kill him. In chapter 28 of To Kill a Mockingbird, Jem and Scout were walking back from a halloween party at their school. Scout left still wearing her costume, which someone could see through the darkness. As they started walking, Jem started to hear rustling from behind. Any time theyShow MoreRelatedRacism In America Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesI n the 1960’s racism was alive and well continuously gaining traction in both Australia and America, people of colour had to fight for their rights and equal education. Lucky times have changed†¦ right? Before the American Civil War, according to the 1860 census, there was a staggering 3,950,528 slaves in the US. However, thanks to the Union of States, the Civil War was won. This allowed the government to pass various acts of legislation allowing African-American people the right to work and quiteRead MoreTwo of a Kind- When History Meets Literature: the Similarities of a Difference1397 Words   |  6 PagesRock Nine were the first nine African-American students to be integrated into a public school, and were subject to a whole country worth of hatred and cruelty while attending. Aspects of this event in history are similar those in the book, To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee for they share some of the same ideas. In the first half of the novel Harper Lee portrays the small town Maycomb, Alabama, as the quintessential warm and sweet Southern town. Lee then proceeds to challenge her portrayal of thisRead MoreCompare and Contrast Huckleberry Finn and to Kill a Mockingbird1687 Wo rds   |  7 Pages American Studies II Comparing and Contrasting: To Kill a Mockingbird and Huckleberry Finn In the books, The Adventures Huckleberry Finn and To Kill a Mockingbird, the authors demonstrate several themes: the coexistence of good and evil, the importance of moral education, the existence of social inequality, racism and slavery, intellectual and moral education, and the hypocrisy of â€Å"civilized† society. The common themes throughout the two books depict;Read MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird977 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis for To Kill a Mockingbird â€Å"There’s something in our world that makes men lose their heads- they couldn’t be fair if they tried. In our courts, when it’s a white man’s word against a black man’s word, the white always wins. They’re ugly, but these are the facts of life.† ************ Along with the main theme of the story, racism, there are multiple other themes that are represented in the story. These include: the coexistence of good and evil, and importance of mortal education. The use ofRead MoreTheme Of Nature In To Kill A Mockingbird1394 Words   |  6 PagesOften times, nature and the organic things of life come together to form a representation or symbolic message to life. As shown in To Kill a Mockingbird, nature and various aspects of humanity are associated in the form of a mockingbird. As it relates to the novel, A mockingbird represents a commonality of an understood sin. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is well known, classic novel origina lly published in 1960. Though the novel was written in a different time span, its plot vividly detailsRead MorePrejudice to Kill a Mockingbird1014 Words   |  5 Pagesprejudicial are often biased and act unfavourably to other groups, particularly those of differing race and socio-economic status. Ideas and themes about prejudice are strongly evoked through Harper Lee’s 1960 novel â€Å"To Kill a Mocking-bird† and the poem â€Å"The Child† by Valerie Church. â€Å"To Kill a Mocking-bird† explores the prejudices associated with the coloured and underprivileged community group in a small town of the central Alabama which contrasts to the simplistic nature of a mentally-disabled boy inRead MoreEssay The Kite Runner and To Kill a Mockingbird Comparison1010 Words   |  5 PagesIn both The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini and To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, literacy and education play a key role. The education of a man gives him power, and can determine his stature or influence in the community. Literacy gives a man an insight to knowledge that can be important. By developing characters with different levels of education, Khaled Hosseini and Harper Lee develop and strengthen the idea that literacy and education are dangerous tools, and can make the difference betweenRead MoreKill A Mockingbird : Five Paragraph Analysis1288 Words   |  6 PagesAnna Anderson Zeroski English 9 Honors, Period 3 9 November 2015 To Kill a Mockingbird: Five Paragraph Essay Imagine a place where the verdict of a rape trial stems from racial prejudice rather than the proper evaluation of proven evidence. This is Maycomb, Alabama, the strange, Southern town where Scout and Jem Finch grow up during the 1930s in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee. In short, the novel travels a thin line between a light-hearted narrative of the siblings’ childhood withRead MoreComposers Craft Novels in Order to Confront the Key Issues of Their Own Context. Discuss How the Authors of to Kill a Mockingbird and Montana 1948 Achieve This Purpose.1407 Words   |  6 Pagesissues of their own context. Racial prejudice and the necessity of achieving justice are two key issues highlighted in To Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee and also Montana 1948 by Larry Watson. Lee writes in the 1960s about the 1930s, and Watson writes in the 1990s about the 1940s demonstrating a time when people were persecuted for their race, gender, religion and education. These novels a re crafted to provide insight of the issues experienced in society and to enlighten society’s current perceptionsRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesteaching experience for Atticus to provide to Scout and Jem. These laws followed the Southern societal ideas of the separation between races, but also demonstrated a division between a community where individuals held different moral ideas. To Kill a Mockingbird explores human morality from the perception of a six year old child, providing a different perspective on important issues of this time period. Scout’s understanding of morality develops from her once simple idea of an individual being either

The Policies Of A School District s Budget - 1682 Words

Our political leaders struggle to understand the impact they have on the policies they put into place to improve public education. We see mandates that are unfunded and have a significant impact on a school district’s budget. Special education continues to be an area rich with policy and yet additional dollars are not included in the decisions made for implementation. Title one funding is an area that falls into a blurry area of policy for school districts. In our district, we have policies for fiscal responsibility in our spending procedures and yearly audits to be sure we are spending our money in a proper way. When we look at our Title One dollars through the lens of an audit and based on our fiscal district policies, it is all about compliance. The policy is to meet the checkmark of auditing, proper spending and reporting. It is all aligned with compliance. Compliance, compliance, compliance is the theme of the policies related to Title funding. Did the district create a spending plan and follow the spending plan to the exact letter? Where attention is not given in the area of Title One funding is whether the way in which the money was spent was best for children and student learning. So if a need for students comes up during the school year, the school or district is unable to offer any funding for a program to help students. Because it is in the middle of the year and not in the original plan, a new program or idea would not meet the compliance of theShow MoreRelatedThe Democratic Party And The Republican Party1607 Words   |  7 Pagesthe abolition of slavery. In 1860, they beca me an established political party when their nominee Abraham Lincoln was elected as President of the United States. Since their inception, the Republican and Democratic Party have had many disputes about policies. One of these major debates has focused on educational funding in the United States. The parties have different views on the education system of the country, but both agree there needs a change in some way. Democrats favor more progressive approachesRead MoreRoslyn school district case1381 Words   |  6 Pages Roslyn School District Case 1) The primary individuals involved the Roslyn fraud were former assistant superintendent for business and finance Pamela Gluckin and Former superintendent Frank Tassone. Also the former accounting clerk Debra Rigano was charged with the fraud too. 2) Frank A. Tassone; the former business manager, Pamela Gluckin; and an accounting clerk, Debra Rigano, who is a niece of Ms. Gluckin embezzled money in a scheme in which Dr. Tassone and Ms. GluckinRead MoreFinding The Relationship Between The Law And Your School919 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Law and Your School Ericka Calderon Grand Canyon University: EAD-505 5/1/17 Discovering the relationship between the law and your school It is essential that educational administrators are knowledgeable of the legal structure challenging the issues in schools. In the United States of America, all school communities are governed by state and federal law. It is imperative that administrators are educated on law issues and legal decision-making as it pertains to their school, teachers, and studentsRead MoreAnalysis Of Desoto Consolidated School District Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesConsolidated School District #86 regular board meeting on October 24, 2016. Desoto school district is comprised of one school building located in Desoto, Illinois. The district has only one school building which houses students in grades kindergarten through eighth grade. The district has one administrator who serves the dual role of building principal and district superintendent. The board of education consists of seven members who meet on a monthly basis to set and oversee policy, finances andRead MoreLack of Education Funding Essay137 4 Words   |  6 Pages Within the federal government’s budget education is among the most important yet in the year of 2012 the federal government only spent $107.6 billion out of 3.7 trillion which amounts to 3% on education. Compared to other funding categories in the government’s fiscal year of 2012s budget its clear to see that education isn’t as important to the government officials as they would like us to believe. Many Americans today are lead to believe that education is important to government officials andRead MorePublic Safety Protection Act Of 20121330 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 4th, 2012 SUBJECT: Prop 30 I. SUMMARY Proposition 30, formally known as Schools and Local Public Safety Protection Act of 2012† would add Section 36 to Article XIII of the California Constitution. Proposition 30 increases personal income taxes for seven years for California residents with an annual income over $250,000 and sales taxes by .25 % for four years. This tax increase is placed on California s top 5% of taxpayers and is estimated to generate average revenues of $6 billion dollarsRead MoreMany People Create A Budget That Allows Them To Follow1275 Words   |  6 Pagescreate a budget that allows them to follow the guidelines of things that need funding or to be paid. It does not matter whether it is a bill or a company, the budget allots the money for a documented need. Per U.S. Department of Education (2011), a budget sets forth priorities and levels of spending, ways of financing the spending, and a plan for managing the funds. Special education directors must be able to explain this process to fulfill th e necessity of the budget within the schools that haveRead MoreChicago Public Schools Are The Fourth Largest District983 Words   |  4 PagesChicago Public Schools are the fourth largest district in the U.S and one of the lowest performing in the U.S. The school system in Chicago is struggling not only with student performance, but also with the large amount of debt the school has and the fight to come to an agreement with the Chicago Teachers Union. In earlier years of 2008 through 2013, student performance was below national average. Noreen S. 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It seems that there are no reasons for middle/higher income areas to implement these required policies since there are a lower percent of â€Å"at risk† studentRead More Equality in School Finance Essay1142 Words   |  5 Pages Equality in School Finance In The Story of the Education Dollar, Odden, Monk, Nakib and Picus describe some basic facts about education spending in the United States to facilitate an understanding of the level and uses of the federal governments policies on education funding. The purpose of the authors discussion is to argue that public education facilities need to change their focus on the consumption of educational resources to a focus on producing high levels of student achievement. They contend

Essay on Fairy Tale Love - 928 Words

Fairy Tale Love Once upon a time there was a beautiful young woman. She had bleached blonde hair, sparkling ocean blue eyes, and a super model figure. After struggling with life’s challenges for a few years a strong, dark, handsome stock broker came along and rescued her. It was love at first sight. They got married, had one boy and one girl (in that order), and then lived happily ever after. At one point in time I believed this modern day dream was a realistic outlook on love. My opinion of this fairy tale story has been changed throughout the lessons of this course. I set my expectations as a child as to what love should be. Through movies, TV, magazines, and music these ideas were implanted in my mind. This course and personal†¦show more content†¦Prejudice out of love is very dangerous. Elizabeth could have lost the love of her life because of it. In everyday life, this prejudice from love causes controversy. In the future, I will not be so blinded by this. Due to the popular culture presentations, I now concentrate on the real message of songs. I can look past the romantic theme, and listen to what the songs are truly revealing. I find myself not being as emotionally swayed by the lyrics. I laugh at the majority of songs I used to think had a deep profound meaning behind them that stirred such strong emotions inside of me. Due to the movies that we have viewed in class, I believe romance is a Hollywood created concept. I had never realized how unrealistic the views of love being portrayed really are. Starting from a small child with Disney movies, all the way to modern day films such as Jerry McGuire, give the idea that fairy tale love exists and can happen in everyday live. This only leads one to set their expectations too high, and then is let down in the end. Although the situations in the novels and popular culture presentations differed, the theme to me personally was the same. Love makes people blind and it hurts. Nel learned this lesson in Sula. She had no control over the fate of her marriage. Nel had lost contact with the reality of life outside of her marriage. Once the marriage was over, she had nothing left, just as Charity was after the endingShow MoreRelatedTrue Love Is Not A Fairy Tale Ending882 Words   |  4 PagesIs it true? Thesis statement: True love to me is when you can’t imagine life without the other person. To be in true love is when someone would go beyond lengths to keep the other person happy. True love is not a fairy tale ending. Nothing is perfect unless you work to make it that way. True love takes a lot of hard work. People every day have arguments, but it’s up to the couple to handle it effectively. Every day couples are faced with the real work to a relationship: patience, trust, and sacrificeRead MoreThe Fairy Tale Frozen Is A Movie About Love1519 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The fairy tale Frozen is a movie regarding love, believing, the loss of love, as well as, the loss of love ones and power. The character’s Elsa and Anna are two sisters of a royalty that were left alone after the death of their parents by a vigorous storm. Elsa and Anna were playmates that shared a bond of love that seemed inseparable. Elsa, the older sister was gifted with the ability of magical powers to shoot ice from her fingertips but was unable to control the outcome of herRead MoreEssay on The Fairy-tale of If on a winters night a traveler1269 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fairy-tale of If on a winters night a traveler  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   In the past, fairy-tales have been a major form of writing for the great minds of the imaginative authors of the world. In search of cultural roots, much of Europe focused on its folktale and fairy-tales. However, Early Modern and Contemporary Italy took its tales and changed, manipulated, and combined them, having dissimilar concerns as the other societies of Europe. Influenced by his nations overall approach to its heritage, ItaloRead MoreEssay on Fairy Tales: Changing with the Culture and Community1693 Words   |  7 Pagesliterary genre commonly know as fairy tales. They were mystical and wonderful and a child’s fantasy. These fairy tales were drastically misunderstood throughout many centuries, however. They endured a hard life of constant changing and editing to fit what the people of that time wanted. People of our own time are responsible for some of the radical changes endured by this undeserved genre. Now, these fairy tales had a young friend named Bell e. Belle thought she knew fairy tales very well, but one day sheRead MoreAn Analysis Of Sleeping Beauty 1112 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to dictionary.com, a folktale is said to be, â€Å"a tale or legend originating and traditional among a people or folk, especially one forming part of the oral tradition of the common people†. What many people don’t realize is our beloved fairy tales, such as â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† have been derived from folktale. â€Å"Sleeping Beauty’s† folktale is exceptionally different from the modern day version that Disney has provided us with. Disney’s â€Å"Sleeping Beauty† and one of the original French versionsRead MoreThe Authors of the Literary Fairy Tale Essay732 Words   |  3 PagesThe Authors of the Literary Fairy Tale When asked to name authors of fairy tales, most people now (if they knew at all) would answer the Grimm Brothers or Charles Perrault, and perhaps Hans Christian Andersen. Yet throughout history, fairy tales have been womens storiesRead MoreEssay on The Storm And The Rocking Horse Winner528 Words   |  3 Pagesgeneral rule, children love fairy tales. We grow up being read Grimms or watching Disney remakes of classics. Parents love telling children fairy tales not only because they have an opportunity to spend time with their sons and daughters, but also because fairy tales, like fables, always contain a lesson or moral within them. Although both Kate Chopins quot;The Storm,quot; and D.H. Lawrences quot;The Rocking Horse Winnerquot; have some of the qualities of a childs fairy tale, only one of the storiesRead MoreWorth of Fairy Tales in Jeanette Wintersons quot;the Passionquot;1625 Words   |  7 PagesWhen saying that there are certain folk or fairy tales about herself, Jeanette Winterson could not be more right, because there are indeed several myths surrounding her person. For many people Wintersons sexuality is the golden key to her public p ersona. Although she correctly states that `[she is] a writer who happens to like women, [and] not a lesbian who happens to write most critics are only too willing to interpret her writing in an autobiographical way and restrict her to the literary personaRead MoreFairy Tales And A Dose Of Reality By Catherine Orenstein1148 Words   |  5 Pageshappily-ever-after that is sought after so often? In the article Fairy Tales and a Dose of Reality by Catherine Orenstein she utilizes historical references and allusions to modern media and challenges the perception of fairy tales and expose them as media-manipulated, romanticized stories. Orenstein uses the Disney princess persona and describes it as a major turning point in the perception of fairy tales. The original fairy tales described as grim and macabre, transformed as time passes and startedRead MoreStory : From Fairy Tale And Fantasy Ever Told942 Words   |  4 PagesRapunzel to Tangled The Cauldron of Story is, in simplistic terms, a metaphor used to symbolise the interconnection of all story. The concept is that every myth, fairy-tale and fantasy ever told is both contained in and drawn from the Cauldron. Therefore, all story created is a combination of the framework and themes of previously told tales, which have then been flavoured and adapted by the new teller. The tellers borrow the parts they want, then they sculpt and shape them to fit their own vision.

Truman Vs. Lyndon Johnson - 1253 Words

In United States History there has been forty-four Presidents, there have been a few great ones, a bunch of good ones and some bad ones. By looking at the Presidencies of Teddy Roosevelt, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Lyndon Johnson we see how good character traits led to good policymaking. By analyzing these five Presidents we can see that the character traits of Presidents determine their policy making and reestablishes the framework of the United States. Theodore Roosevelt’s character traits of compassion, fair-play, honesty and decency played out through his pro-working class, anti-trust policies which strengthened the progressive movement in the United States. While Teddy Roosevelt had a privileged background he sympathized with poor Americans that were forced to live in extreme poverty due to corporate greed. Roosevelt believed the government was needed to stop the exploitation of the working class and create livable standards, in his own words, â€Å"government’s duty to protect women and children must be extended to protection of all crushable elements of labor† (Boerner, 2011). One of Roosevelt’s signature achievements was the abolition of child labor. During these times children were working long extensive hours in harsh conditions to provide for their families. The child labor laws got children out of factories and in schools to get educated. Teddy Roosevelt’s pro-working class agenda streng thened the progressive movement in America. TheShow MoreRelatedThe War Of The Civil Rights Movement1476 Words   |  6 Pagespolitical leadership, the economy, and the social terms of each decade. In 1945-1953, Harry Truman was in office and his foreign policy philosophy was containment. Some main events of foreign policy while he was in office was the Potsdam Conference, the Marshall Plan, and NATO. The Potsdam conference was located in Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945 to negotiate terms to end WWII. On April 3,1948 Truman signed the Marshall Plan to help rebuild western economies after WWII. NATO helped him withRead MoreThe War Of World War II1586 Words   |  7 Pagesnot all brutality, it was arguments that would change the world forever. This war was known as the Cold War. The end of World War II was just the beginning of this unique war . The former allied forces of the United States and the USSR, led by Truman and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, had many different views about how the world should be run. The Soviet Union was controlled under Communism. However, America was governed under a democratic republic. America’s government was very opposed to communistRead MorePresidents, Truman, Eisenhower, JFK and Johnson Civil Rights.1286 Words   |  6 PagesCivil Rights (The Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson Years) Civil Right in the Truman Era †¢ Post-war prosperity, Cold War rhetoric led to increasing assertiveness of African-Americans †¢ Truman began to address civil rights issues, shortly after the war o 1946 - appoints commission to propose civil rights legislation o 1948 - Proposes civil rights legislations ï‚ § Called for permanent Federal civil rights commission ï‚ § Called for a permanent Fair Employment Practices Committee to endRead MoreImpact Of The Fourteenth Amendment During The Civil Rights Years1962 Words   |  8 Pagesand social benefits. In June 1963, President John Kennedy asked Congress for a comprehensive civil rights bill, induced by massive resistance to desegregation and the murder of Medgar Evers. After Kennedy s assassination in November, President Lyndon Johnson pressed hard, with the support of Roy Wilkins and Clarence Mitchell, to secure the bill s passage the following year. In 1964, Congress passed Public Law 88-352 (78 Stat. 241). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basisRead MoreExecutive Powers During War : Incumbent Vs. Successor3471 Words   |  14 Pages Executive Powers During War: Incumbent vs. Successor War is a horrible evil that is unfortunately sometimes necessary. Nobody likes war especially the American public. But who is really to blame? Is the president who entered our country in the war or the president who inherited the war to blame? Neither but the real question is how the presidents handled themselves in office. One thing that the American public doesn’t really look at in detail is how the president at the time executed hisRead More Vietnam War vs. Great Society Essay2136 Words   |  9 PagesVietnam War vs. Great Society Anonymous: [Johnson] had miscalculated: Even the richest and most powerful nation in the world could not do it all (qtd. in Turbulent Years: The 60s 36). Lyndon Baines Johnson is a president torn to pieces by war. He glows in the passage of bills benefiting American society. He is someone who has suffered through an entire generation of rebellious teens. What impact did LBJs foreign policies concerning Vietnam War have on American society? The Vietnam War reallyRead MoreThe Cold War Essay examples1629 Words   |  7 PagesHarry Truman once said, â€Å"There is not one piece of territory or one thing of a monetary nature that we want out of this war. We want peace and prosperity for the world as a whole.† In July of 1945 Truman set on his journey to Europe for the Grand Alliance meeting between the three leading allied powers, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The Potsdam Conference discussed post World War II arrangements in Europe. Harriet Truman and Winston Churchill were on the same side wantingRead MoreThe Power to Declare War Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesCongress generally gives the president control during war time. Because of this, the president is able to acquire more power over the war while Congress can do little if they have already given their approval. After the Vietnam War, in which Presidents Johnson and Nixon continued to wage despite a divided Congress[i]; they decide d that the Constitution did not warrant the president to have the power to declare war, so they passed the War Powers Resolution[ii]. While the War Powers Act was meant to explicitlyRead MoreEssay on The Glory and The Dream9497 Words   |  38 Pageswith a change in the presidency. 3. Who succeeded FDR as President? a. Harry S. Truman was the president who succeeded FDR. Chapter 12 1. How did Truman manner/style differ from FDR? a. For Truman, â€Å"ridicule couldn’t touch him† (pg. 372) Unlike FDR, Truman was relatable and modest. Also, Truman didn’t behave like a chief of state, he behaved as one of the people. FDR tried to charm the Russians while Truman was blunt with his thoughts. 2. What was the impact of the dropping of atomicRead MoreThe Party Of Lincoln : Why African Americans Abandoned The Republican Party Essay2675 Words   |  11 Pagessegregationist to the party. During the 1932 Presidential election, Blacks overwhelmingly voted for FDR; their support was not seen as a vote for the Democratic Party but for a â€Å"New Deal.† Winning and maintaining the core support of Black voters, Harry Truman was seen as a candidate who desired equality for all Americans and campaigned on the concept of fairness. During the election of 1956, a major shift occurred which resulted in the Black community realigning their political power with the Republican

The Abolition of the British Slave Trade free essay sample

The Driving Forces Leading to the Banishment of Britains Participation in the Slave Trade in 1807 British society in the 18th century witnessed a strong abolitionist movement that demanded support and public attention. People began to see slaves as more than objects to be bought and sold and found immorality within slave plantations and slave trades. This movement ultimately resulted in the Abolition of the Slave Trade Act in 1806 and 1807, which banned British ships from participating in the slave trade.There were many contributing factors and driving forces, which caused Britain to disengage ships from the British lave trade including the emergence of the Enlightenment, which elicited a humanitarian conscience into British culture. In addition, religious groups such as the Quakers and the Evangelical Christians gained considerable political and social power while promoting values of antislavery. The introduction of antislavery propaganda also encouraged the public to participate in the social movement. Furthermore the presence of international events highlighted the many problems of the slave trade. Lastly, economic shifts questioned the necessity of the slave trade. The emergence f the Enlightenment in the mid eighteen hundreds introduced optimistic beliefs towards the development of science, tolerance, education, and social structure. The Enlightenment, which called for a rational way of dealing with human conflicts, introduced a new social philosophy into the British public. During the Age of Reason, a spirit of skepticism challenged previous traditions and long-held beliefs.Philosophical thinkers such as Nonentities introduced a humanitarian conscience to the public through many public works. One of the first written attacks directed against the slave trade was called Lispers des LOIS, which was an oblique attack on slavery and the slave trade. In this book, Monotonousness wrote, Where it is of the utmost importance that human nature should not be debased or dispirited, there ought to be no slavery. Nonentities perceived slavery as an obstacle to liberty, and argued that laws were necessary in preventing the slave trade.Other philosophers influenced the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade such as Voltaire, Rousseau and Randal. From the Enlightenment also stemmed political figures who had significant influences due to their legal standings. William Blackstone, a British Uriss, wrote Commentaries on the Laws of England in which he rejected all necessities for slavery. In his opinion, slavery stood in the way of rationality and civil law. Political figures like Blackstone assisted the philosophers to empower the ideas Of the Enlightenment and offered credibility to their position.Many British citizens were sympathetic to the philosophers perspective on slavery, which ultimately lead to a transformation in the intellectual discussion of slavery among lawyers, philosophers and political figures. The teachings and beliefs of several religious groups such as the influential Quakers and Evangelical Christians, significantly influenced Great Britain to disengage ships from participating in the slave trade. These religious groups gained significant political and social importance with their campaign against the slave trade.The Quakers, who were also known as the Society of Friends were firm believers in pacifism, which meant that they opposed human bondage. To reaffirm this belief, in 1871 they created a new rule in which any member participating in the slave trade would be banished. In 1 783, the London Yearly meeting pres ented its first petition against slavery o Parliament, which included the signatures of 273 Quakers and Evangelical Christians. This petition stated that slavery was simply incompatible with Christian beliefs as it interfered with natural rights of humans as well as the justice of mankind.In 1787, the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade was formed. This society, would present their findings concerning the slaving voyages to the government. These reports often led to a discussion of slavery in the House of Commons. These reports, along with their other works played a crucial role in publicizing the antislavery belief. The Quakers based their attack on slavery around three principles: benevolence, the belief that later sections of the Bible were more relevant than earlier teachings, and Gods providence.They also held pacifist beliefs and believed that everyone is equal despite differences in skin color and status, in the eyes of God. Consequently, slavery was a violation of this fundamental belief. American abolitionists including John Holman and Anthony Benzene heard about the Quakers work in England, and decided to assist with the Quakers campaigning. Benzene had thousands of pamphlets published advocating against the slave trade to British parliament and other British politicians. The Evangelical Chi rations of the Anglican Church joined forces with the Quakers in promoting antislavery as well.They shared the many beliefs with the Quakers and similarly labeled slavery. The Anglican Church also had strong leaders including William Wildflower, Thomas Clarion and John Newton. The members of the evangelical group became known as the Clamp Sect and dedicated their time to moral reformation and upholding morals in everyday life. These groups continued to take part in other anti-slave trade managing well after 1 787, hoping to put an end to the Atlantic slave trade carried out between Africa, Europe and the Americas. Another important influence of the banishment of British ships was the antislavery propaganda.Members of the abolitionist committees brought antislavery to Parliament attention in 1 787 with over a hundred petitions against Britains involvement in the slave trade. These petitions were used as devices for expressing extra- parliamentary pressure on a public issue. The campaign employed such actions on protests or mass petitioning which pressured the government into asking changes. In particular, popular pressure played an important part in signaling to governments that many British people found the slave trade morally distasteful. Another form of propaganda emerged from public lectures about the cruelty of the slave trade given by antislavery activists. At these presentations, major campaigners would also distribute various pieces of literature including pamphlets to the public, explaining their cause. Major campaigners such as James Phillips, published and distributed thousands of books In addition, ex-slaves such as Aloud Equation and Autobahn Goanna tot wrote about their personal sorrows and hardships while being a part of the slave trade and spoke out at public events.Furthermore, many forms of art contributed to the campaigning. Long-forgotten poems and plays were re-introduced concerning the oppression of African slaves. Hymns were also written to help expose the moral injustices of slavery, the most famous being Amazing Grace written by Reverend John Newton. All of these methods of propaganda were easily integrated into British culture, while effectively raising awareness of the necessity to end Britains participation in the slave trade. These methods of raising public awareness allowed for the publicizing Of international e vents regarding the slave trade. An early example of this is a legal case called the Gong case. In 1 783, the captain of a Liverpool slaving ship threw 131 sick black slaves overboard in order to collect insurance for the loss of human cargo. This incident was brought to public attention, which was a major benefit to the antislavery movement as well as to the individual campaign groups. This is evident as prints were created of this slaving vessel and were presented to parliamentary hearings in 1788 and 1789. This print has become one of the most enduring symbols of oppression associated with any social reform movement in modern history. Another example of an international event, which generated significant attention, was the Somerset case. This case involved James Somerset, a slave who had been taken to London with his slaveholder from Boston. However, Somerset had run away in 1 771, he was eventually captured and placed on a vessel directed to Jamaica. The jurist Lord Mansfield took a major step towards ending the participation of British ships in the slave trade when he decided that English awe did not support the keeping of a slave on English soil and so Somerset must be discharged. Although this decision did not end Britains involvement in the transatlantic slave trade, this event was widely publicized as the first attempt in controlling British slaveholders. Ultimately, the Somerset case gravely weakened the position of all slaveholders in England, therefore denying any participants in the slave trade the support they needed. An economic shift due to The Industrial Revolution as well as a growing capitalist market caused for the questioning of the necessity of the slave trade in theBritish economy. After the Seven Years War, many sugar estates in the Caribbean and Jamaica had suffered hardships including soil exhaust ion and overproduction. In addition, after 1776, when the United States became independent, Britains sugar colonies, such as Jamaica and Barbados gradually weakened. This was a direct result of the United States inability to trade directly with the French and the Dutch in the West Indies. Also, towards the end of the eighteenth century, the profits of the slave trade were slowly declining.Through the development of new factories and machinery, there as new hope in investing into industries and commerce as opposed to the slave trade. These developments brought the necessities for new jobs and new workers, resulting in rapid industrialization. The Industrial Revolution, which also brought increased economic opportunity and power to the lower and middle classes, began to weaken the Atlantic slave trade system. Britain no longer relied on slave-based goods and was more able to benefit from new systems. Economic determinism explained why the abolition of the slave trade occurred in 1807. All of these changes resulted in less involvement as well as success in the British slave trade and only the abolitionist movement could best reflect the needs and values of the emerging capitalist order. Although the anti-slave trade movement endured obstacles and struggles in the 1 8th century, the campaigners and abolitionists persisted which ultimately led to causing the British governments decision to ban Britains participation in the transatlantic slave trade in 1807.Minority groups such as the Quakers and the English Evangelical Christians worked hard to gain both social and political status and deliver their antislavery enticements to the wider public. The various forms of antislavery propaganda not only raised public awareness but it pressured politicians with signatures and petitions. The emerging Enlightenment ideals called for a humanistic approach to society and raised significant questions surrounding the slave trade.The accumulation of international events called to attention the problems of the slave trade. The industrial revolution and the growing capitalist market caused an economic shift, which eliminated the need for the participation in the British slave trade. The abolition of the Slave Trade Act Of 807 not only altered British society but it eventually led to an important goal of civilizing and modernizing Europe which created a pattern to be SVGA repeated in the nineteenth century by virtually every nation involved in slave trafficking.

Lascar Cave Paintings Essay Example For Students

Lascar Cave Paintings Essay Lascar, is located in the south central, western corner Of France. In 1940 this cave was believed to be found by a group of four boys from Monotonic, France and a dog while out walking through the woods. Allegedly the dog fell into the cave and would not answer the owners call. The boys came up to what appeared to be a dark rock but as they got closer they realized they was not the case, it was a cave, The boys entered in an attempt to find the dog and discovered one of the most important cave paintings now known to man. Lascar quickly became a heavy tourist spot and was forced to be closed in 1963 due to the damage being caused by human beings. In Lascar this elegant cave painting is comprised of almost six hundred figures of different animals. The cave art at Lascar is comprised of horses, bison, cattle and hinds as suggested by the Columbia Encyclopedia in its article Paleolithic Art, It is suggested that the art may have a ritual significance to hunting. (Columbia) These animal paintings in the cave vary in size but the bulls specifically range from thirteen to sixteen feet long. It is believed that these particular cave works were created sometime around 13,000 B. C. And have remained, for the most part, completely intact. This date is only hypothetical being that the process of dating these cave paintings is slightly inaccurate and limited. As talked about on the Lascar Cave Official Website the range Of methods and tools used to date the cave art is somewhat limited, partly because the figures are not in a position favorable to stereographic dating most of the time and also because Of the nature Of the material used. Lascar 11/25/04) Another identical method uses the pigment, which was found on the ground, to date these painting. The Lascar Cave Official Website suggests that while these paintings were being created pigment fell from the device in which hey used to paint. This particular dating method uses radiocarbon dating, however typing of Lucas pigments suggests the material used in this cave was iron or manganese and metal oxides which are very hard to date using either of the above methods. According to Nature Magazine The chronology of European prehistoric cave paintings has been loosely based on the style of fauna depicted or on dated remains left behind by cave occupants, but has become more precise with radiocarbon dating on the charcoal pigments. (Ballads, et al 479) This suggests that the men completing these works left things behind which he archaeologists are able to date. Cave paintings of this time were known to be created using a mixture of red and yellow ochre, hematite, manganese oxide and charcoal. The colors these men used oeuvre red, brown, blue, purple, yellow and black. Animal fat and plant sap were used, and worked quite well, in producing a binding and preservation agent for these cave works. In these cave lighting was an issue because the cave were often extremely dark and one would have not had ample light to see. It is suggested in the internet source Art: A new History, by Paul Johnson hat both lamps and torch light were used. Johnson) Torch lights and lamps were also both effective in burning mass amounts Of animal fat Which was then used as a binding agent for the paintings. Typically most cave paintings being found inside the cave suggests that the people that were creating these images intended for these creations to be preserved form many years to come. In some of these caves the images portrayed are up to twenty feet off of the ground, which then suggests that men had to construct some sort of scaffolding in order to reach the location in which they intended to paint also. .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f , .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .postImageUrl , .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f , .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f:hover , .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f:visited , .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f:active { border:0!important; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f:active , .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c63c9167c8bf2582d1228e28317e85f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Automat by Edward Hopper EssayThe Columbia Encyclopedia suggests that the painting style, which is the Franco-Centenarian, uses a variety of techniques, including painting with fingers, sticks and pads of fur or moss; daubing dotting sketching with colored materials and charcoal; and spray painting through hollow bone or by mouth. (Columbia) Most caves these days are sealed to the public because of the threat of damage being caused to the work. In the recent past caves have been closed because of the damage caused by light and by the human breath, Humans exhale carbon dioxide and this is a corrosive chemical to these fragile cave paintings. According o Johnson and Art: A new History, at the end of the twentieth century, there were two hundred and seventy-seven agreed examples of cave art in Europe, one hundred forty-two in France, one hundred eight in Spain, twenty-one in Italy, TN,VOW in Portugal, two in Germany and two in the Balkans. (Johnson) This suggests the scale in Which these paintings were created and the importance in Which the hunting ritual they took place. The discoveries of this student have been vast and eye opening to the complexity Of these works by the people Of this time. This student had little knowledge of this topic before deciding to research it. This student has found this to topic to be interesting and benefiting. This student was able to gain knowledge and understanding of how these prehistoric artists painted by using a variety footstools to create their art. This student was able to gain a higher understanding footpath they painted, for instance the animals, bulls, bison, horses, etc. This student was also able to gain a higher understanding of the ritual behind these cave paintings in that they are designed to bring a profitable hunt. This student has gained a great deal of information in dealing with the different ways, or lack of ways, of dating these paintings. In researching this topic the student learned tooth three prehistoric eras and what significance each had to later civilization, This student also learned of the possibility of a scaffolding and/or complex form that was designed to allow a person to paint on the upper wall or ceiling of a cave. This student also found it very interesting how the human body can break down these paintings and how it is hard for even scholars to gain entrance to these placer* I think that these cave paintings paved the way for future art with ideas of ritual, creativity, preservation and expression. El that the people of this time were extremely intelligent in the fact that they were able to grasp some idea of preservation so these paintings could be viewed for years to come. I also feel that these people showed intelligence in a supreme being. If indeed these paintings are created as a ritual for their hunt then maybe they believed that if they perform this ritual this supreme being Will provide them w ith a prosperous hunt. This topic found very interesting and informative. Studying this topic really brought light to the existence Of art even in the prehistoric culture.